University of Computer Studies

Introduction to C#

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 Contents
 Programming Framework
 Why use Programming Framework
 Types of Programming Framework
 Microsoft .Net Framework
 Types of Application
 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
 Overview of C#
 Feature of C#
 Program Structure
 Declaration Space
 Namespace
 Block
 Read( ), ReadLine( ), ReadKey( )
 Syntax
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 Programming Framework
 A framework is a set of tools in programming on which to build well-structured, reliable software and systems.
 It is ready to use collection of classes and interfaces used for developing a particular type of application.
 It can include support programs, compilers, code libraries, toolsets, and APIs to develop software and create
systems.
 Open-source frameworks are always being updated and improved.

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 Why use Framework
 It makes programming easy.

 It allows us to compile all necessary resources and codes into application.

 It support multiple languages.

 It are used to save time and money.

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 Type of Programming Framework
 Web Frameworks

 Front-End Frameworks

 Back-End Frameworks

 Mobile App Development Frameworks

 Content Management Frameworks

 Data Science Frameworks

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 Microsoft .Net Framework

 The .Net framework is a software development by Microsoft.

 The .Net framework can be used to create both - Form-based and Web-based applications.

 Web services can also be developed using the .Net framework.

 The first version of the .Net framework was released in the year 2002.

 The framework also supports various programming languages such as Visual Basic and C#, etc.

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 Cont’d
Languages
 The types of applications that can be built in the .Net framework is
classified broadly into the following categories.
 WinForms
 ASP.Net
 ADO.Net

Class Library
 The .NET Framework includes a set of standard class libraries.
 A class library is a collection of methods and functions that can be
used for the core purpose.

Common Language Runtime

C# F# Visual Basic
Compiler Compiler Compiler

CIL
Common  The Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL), also known as
Intermediate
the Common Intermediate Language (CIL) is a set of
Language (CIL)
instructions that are platform independent and are generated by
the language-specific compiler from the source code.
Common
Language
Runtime (CLR) CLR
 The Common Language Runtime (CLR)'s just in time (JIT)
Machine code compilation converts Intermediate Language (MSIL) to native
101000001101001 code on demand at application run time. 8
 Types of Application

 Console Application

 Window Application

 Window Store Application

 Mobile Application

 Web Application

 Enterprise Application

 Games
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 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

 An IDE is a tool that helps to write program.

 Viusal Studio is an IDE provided by Micorsoft to write the code in the language such C#, F#, VisualBasic,etc.

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Cont’d

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Cont’d

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 Overview of C#
 C# is a simple & powerful object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft.
 C# can be used to create various types of applications, such as web, windows, console applications or other types
of applications using Visual studio.
 C# was developed by Anders Hejlsberg and his team during the development of .NET Framework.
 The ‘#’ comes from the musical notation meaning C# is higher than C.
 The safety of Java
 The ease of Visual Basic
 The power of C++
 It uses the .NET Framework

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 Cont’d

 C# compiler translates C# code into assembly-like language called Intermediate Language (IL).
 CLR (Common Language Runtime) is a virtual machine component of the .Net Framework that translates IL into native
machine code when run a C# program.
 CLR use a just-in-time complier (JIT compiler) to compile pieces of IL code.

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 Features of C#

 C# is case sensitive

 All statements and expressions must end with a semicolon (;)

 The program execution starts at the Main method.

 Unlike java, program file name could be different from the class name.

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 Program Structure
using System;
using System.Data;
namespace <project name>
{
<modifier > class <class name>
{
static void Main()
{
[statements]
}
}
}

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 Cont’d
C# program consist of the following parts:
using System;
 Namespace declaration
namespace MyFirstProgram
 A class
{ class Testing
 Class methods
{
 Class attributes
static void Main(string[] args)
 A Main method
{
 Statements and Expressions
/* my first program in C# */
 Comments
Console.WriteLine(“Good Morning, Welcome To C# Class");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
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 Cont’d
using System;
namespace MyFirstProgram
{ class Rectangle
{
public double width;
public double height;
public void CalculateArea( )
{
double area = width * height;
Console.WriteLine( “ Area of Rectangle :”+ area);
}
}
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}
 Declaration Space
 The program area to which a declaration belongs

 Entities can be declared in namespace, class, interface, structure, enum, block.

 namespace: Declaration of classes, interfaces, structs, enums, delegates

 class, interface, struct: Declaration of fields, methods, properties, events, indexers

 enum: Declaration of enumeration constants

 block: Declaration of local variables

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 Cont’d
Scoping rules

 A name must not be declared twice in the same declaration space.

 Declarations may occur in arbitrary order.

 Exception: local variables must be declared before they are used

Visibility rules

 A name is only visible within its declaration space

 local variables are only visible after their point of declaration.

 The visibility can be restricted by modifiers (private, protected, public, etc.)

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 Namespace
It no namespace is specified anonymous default namespace

Namespaces may also contain structs, interfaces, delegates, and enums.

Namespace may be “reopened” in other files

Simplest case: single class, single file, default namespace

Equally named namespaces in different files constitute a single declaration space.

Nested namespaces constitute a declaration space on their own.

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 Block
In C#, a code block is a group of lines of code between curly braces {} .

The declaration space of a block includes the declaration spaces of nested blocks.

 Formal parameters belong to the declaration space of the method block.

 The loop variable in a for statement belongs to the block of the for statement.

 The declaration of a local variable must precede its use.

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 Read( ), ReadLine( ), ReadKey( )

Console.Read() accepts the first character of the string and returns ASCII Code(Integer Value) of that first character.

Console.Readline() accepts the string and returns the string.

Console.ReadKey( ) obtains the next character or function key pressed by the user.

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 Syntax
 Case-sensitive

 White space means nothing

 Semicolons ( ; ) to terminate statements

 Code blocks use curly braces ( { } )

 // (for single line) or /* */ (for multi lines)

 /// (for automatic XML documentation)

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 References
 C# 5.0 Programmer’s Reference
 www.w3schools.com
 www.tutuorialTeacher.com
 www.javapoint.com
 www.tutorialspoint.com

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Thank You

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