Pakistan Studies

5th Lecture
Political Development in Pakistan II

Ziaul-Haq Regime. 58-2 B Democracy

and Eighth Amendment.
Musharraf Era, Re-establishment of
Democracy in Pakistan.
Ziaul-Haq Regime
General Zia removes Bhutto in a bloodless
coup, suspending the constitution and
declaring Martial Law on July 05, 1977.
He announces elections will be held in 90
days. But simultaneously begins a censorship
regime. Political activists and journalists are
arrested and flogged in public.
Coup d'état

A sudden and decisive action in politics,

especially one resulting in a change of
government illegally or by force.
Ziaul-Haq Regime
Journalists and politicians were punished by
military courts.
Public flogging was a practice for
punishment.
 Zia-ul-Haq Regime
Sharia benches constituted on December 02,
1978 at the high court levels while an appellate
Sharia bench constituted at the Supreme Court
level.
Sharia benches could revisit any law deemed to
be un-Islamic. Prayers to be offered in
congregation at all government offices during
working hours. All offices and shops to remain shut
at the time of Friday prayers.
 Ziaul-Haq Regime
 Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto is hanged in Rawalpindi jail
on April 04, 1979, despite a split verdict and
international appeals.
 Zia-ul-Haq Regime
 Censorship on media was tightened and pro-
democratic newspapers were also banned i.e.
Daily Musawat and Daily Sadaqat.
 Soviet Union invades Afghanistan on December
24, 1979. Gen Zia drags Pakistan into the jihad
sponsored by the Americans and Saudis.
 Afghan refugee crises and militancy in
Pakistan.
 Zia-ul-Haq Regime
 Establishment of Federal Sharia Court is
announced on May 26, 1980.
 • Zia holds referendum on ‘Islamization’, on
December 19, 1984, which will give him five
more years at the helm. His government
claims that more than 95 percent of votes cast
were in support of Zia.
 Ziaul-Haq Regime
 National polls are held on February 25, 1985, on
non-party-basis, and Muhammad Khan Junejo
was elected as Prime Minister.
 Articles 62 & 63 of the Constitution was amended
on March 02, 1985 to make parliamentarians’
qualifications subject to ‘Islamic’ morality (Sadiq
and Ameen).
 Eighth Amendment to the Constitution comes into force on
November 9, 1985, giving Zia the power to dissolve the
parliament under Article 58-2(B)
Ziaul-Haq Regime
 Government bans all students’ unions on February 9, 1984.
However, they had been banned in Sindh even earlier in
1979.
 On 29 May 1988, Prime Minister Junejo was dismissed by
President Zia who leveled charges of incompetency and
economic stagflation against him and immediately called for
new general elections.
 Zia promulgates the Sharia Ordinance on June 15, 1988,
making Sharia supreme law of the Land.
 Gen Ziaul Haq dies on August 17, 1988, along with 31
others, in a plane crash near Bahawalpur.
THIRD DEMOCRATIC ERA
(1988-1999)
 TENURE OF BENAZIR BHUTTO (1988-1990)
 TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1990-1993)
 TENURE OF BENAZIR BHUTTO (1993-1996)
 TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1997-1999)
 TENURE OF PERVEZ MUSHAARAF-
AZIZ(1990-2007)
TENURE OF BENAZIR
BHUTTO (1988-1990)
 Pakistan people party won 94 seats in the
national assembly, on 16th November
1988 election.
 Benazir Bhutto became the 11th Prime
Minister of Pakistan on 02 December
1988.
TENURE OF BENAZIR
BHUTTO (1988-1990)
 According to the deal between Ghulam Ishaq Khan
and Benazir Bhutto, PPP voted for Ghulam Ishaq
Khan.
 Ghulam Ishaq Khan was also the consensus
candidate of IJI. Four candidates took part in the
elections, with Ghulam Ishaq khan winning and
securing the highest votes against Nawabzada
Nasrullah khan on December 12, 1988.
TENURE OF BENAZIR BHUTTO
(1988-1990)
 Serious conceptual differences arose between the
PPP government and the establishment, on two
points; the appointment of the military chiefs and
superior court judges. Less then two years later, on
August 06,1990, her government was accused of
corruption and dismissed by the President , Ghulam
Ishaq Khan, who exercised his power through the
controversial eight amendment of the constitution
and dissolved assemblies and Benazir Bhutto was
dismissed from power on the charges of corruption.
TENURE OF BENAZIR BHUTTO
(1988-1990)
 President Ghulam Ishaq khan dissolved the national and
provincial assemblies on August 06, 1990, and declared a
state of emergency in the country. Elections were
scheduled to be held on October 24, 1990. Ghulam Ishaq
Khan did not appoint a neutral or non-partisan caretaker
cabinet or Prime Minister. He chose the leader of the
opposition in the former national assembly, Ghulam
Mustafa Jatoi, as the new Caretaker Prime Minister of
Pakistan.
TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1990-
1993)
 Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif the ex-Chief Minister of
Punjab was elected as the 12th Prime Minister on
November 06, 1990.
 President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved the national and
provincial assemblies on April 19, 1993, and appointed
Mir Balakh Sher khan Mazari as the Caretaker Prime
Minister.
 General elections were scheduled to be held on July
14, 1993.
 TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1990-
1993)
 On May 26, 1993, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared
the presidential order of the assemblies' dissolution as
unconstitutional and ruled for restoring the Nawaz
Government and the national assembly. However, due to the
serious differences between the President, Ghulam Ishaq
Khan and the Prime Minister, Mian Muhammad Nawaz
Sharif, both resigned from their offices on July 18, 1993,
along with the dissolution of the central and provincial
assemblies.
 TENURE OF BENAZIR BHUTTO
(1993-1996)
 Benazir Bhutto returned to power for the second time in 1993
after the resignation of both President, Ghulam Ishaq khan
and the Prime Minister, Nawaz Sharif, on July 18, 1993. The
resignation led to the announcement of 8th fresh elections
for the national and provincial assemblies. The elections were
held on October 06 and 09, 1993, respectively.
 The elections were boycotted by the MQM. No party emerged
with an absolute majority in the elections. As a result, the PPP
formed the new government with the help of alliances.
Benazir Bhutto took oath as the Prime Minister on October
19, 1993.
 TENURE OF BENAZIR BHUTTO
(1993-1996)
 On November 13, 1993, Sardar Farooq Leghari was
appointed as the President of Pakistan for a term of five
years.
 Differences emerged between Benazir and Leghari,
which eventually resulted in the President using the
eighth amendment for the dissolution of the national
assembly, on Nov 5,1996 and the dismissal of
Benazir Bhutto.
 Malik Meraj Khalid held the office of Prime Minister from
November 05, 1996, to February 17, 1997.
 TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1997-
1999)
 Nawaz Sharif faced a serious confrontation with the judiciary
and the executive, which eventually led to the resignation of
President Leghari on December 02, 1997.
 On May 28, 1998, Pakistan became a nuclear power when it

successfully carried out five nuclear tests at Chaghi, in the

province of Baluchistan. This was in direct response to five
nuclear explosions by India, just two weeks earlier. It was
widely criticized by the international community though Pakistan
maintains that its nuclear program is for self-defense, as
deterrence against nuclear India.
 TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1997-
1999)
 The 15th amendment was presumed to be an
effort by Nawaz Sharif to acquire additional
powers for himself. Soon, a serious conflict
and confrontation emerged on the scene
between him and the military generals. This
confrontation led to the resignation of General
Jahangir Karamat on October 07, 1998.
 General Karamat was replaced by General
Pervez Musharraf.
 TENURE OF NAWAZ SHARIF (1997-
1999)
 In 1999, a war broke out between India and Pakistan on
Kargil.
 Later, on intervention of the American president, Bill Clinton,
both countries declared ceasefire.
 On October 12, 1999, the Pakistan army once again ousted
the civilian government. At that time, Prime Minister, Mian
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was heading the government. The
coup immediately followed the premier’s attempt to replace
the Army Chief while he was on a tour to Sri Lanka. After two
days of chilling uncertainty, Chief of Army staff, General
Pervez Musharraf assumed the title of chief executive.
 TENURE OF PERVEZ MUSHARRAF-
SHAUKAT AZIZ (1990-2007)
 Kargil war started in1999. This war was
between Indian and Pakistani militants.
 Indian 524 soldiers died .
 Pakistan’s 696 soldiers were killed
 (Source: BBC)
 TENURE OF PERVEZ MUSHARRAF
(1990-2007)
 Musharraf's support for US War on Terror
 National Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO)
 Judiciary Crises
 Emergency by Musharraf
 Lal Masjid operation
 Musharraf's support for US War on
Terror
 He decided to support President George W
Bush's “War on Terror" in 2001, following the
11 September attacks.
 Musharraf was frequently accused by NATO and the Afghan
government of not doing enough to stem the movement of
militants sympathetic to al-Qaeda and the Taliban from
Pakistan's tribal areas into Afghanistan.
 During “War on Terror”, more than 60 Thousand Military
personnel and civilians were killed.
 National Reconciliation Ordinance
(NRO)
 NRO was a controversial ordinance issued by
the former President of Pakistan, General
Pervez Musharraf, on 05 October 2007. It
granted amnesty to politicians, political
workers and bureaucrats who were accused of
corruption, embezzlement, money laundering,
murder, and between 01 January 1986, and
12 October 1999, the time between two states
of Martial Law in Pakistan.
 Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad
Chaudhry
 Chief Justice of Pakistan, Iftikhar Muhammad
Chaudhry was made a "non-functional Chief
Justice" on 09 March 2007.
 The suspension invoked a nationwide popular
mass protest movement led by lawyers, known
as the Lawyers' Movement and eventually
culminated with the Pakistan Long March.
 Lal Masjid Operation
 The operation was carried out by the
government in July 2007• This operation
was against Lal Masjid Students.
 Operation resulted in 154 deaths.
 Emergency by Musharraf
 Declared emergency on November 03, 2007.
 Lasted until December 15, 2007.
 Constitution of Pakistan was suspended.
 Elections of January were postponed.
 Restriction on media.
 Emergency by Musharraf
 The former General tried to extend his tenure
by imposing emergency rule but in February
2008, his party lost parliamentary elections.
Six months later, he resigned to avoid
conflicts and then left the country.
 NRO
 NRO was declared unconstitutional by the
Supreme Court of Pakistan on 16th December
2009, throwing the country into a political
crisis.
 Post Musharraf Political Development
 Elections
 Zardari as President
 Yousef Reza Gilani elected as PM
 18th amendment
 First Parliament to complete its tenure
 Elections
 General elections were held in Pakistan on
18th February 2008, after being postponed
from 8th January 2008.
 Yousef Raza Gilani was appointed as the
Prime Minister of Pakistan.
 President Musharraf resigned on 18th August
2008.
 Yousef Raza Gilani Dismissal
 Iftikhar Chaudhry, the top judge, said Gilani
had effectively not been Prime Minister since
April 26 when he had been found guilty of
contempt for refusing to comply with a
supreme court order to reopen dormant fraud
investigations against President Asif Ali
Zardari.
 He ordered Zardari to take steps to appoint a
new Prime Minister.
 President Asif Ali Zardari
 On 6th September 2008, Mr. Zardari was
elected as the President of Pakistan
 He served as the 11th President of Pakistan
from 2008 to 2013 .
 On 8th September 2013, Zardari became the
country’s first President to complete his
constitutional term.
 18th Amendment and President Asif Ali
Zardari

 The 18thAmendment of the Constitution of

Pakistan was passed by the National
Assembly of Pakistan on April 08, 2010,
removing the power of the President of
Pakistan to dissolve the Parliament
unilaterally, turning Pakistan from a semi-
presidential to a parliamentary state.
 President Asif Ali Zardari

 18th February 2013 - contract for construction of Gwadar

Port to China was signed • Asif Ali Zardari laid foundation of
two hydro power plants in Rohri and Nara (near Sukkur)
 Financial protection of 50 lac poor families through

Benazir income support program.

 Zardari tenure was also criticized for mishandling

flood relief efforts in 2010.

 Growing terrorist violence in Zardari Era.
 President Asif Ali Zardari

 There was a detailed report about the corruption of Zardari,

in the New York Times in January 1998
 Increase in the Prices of fuel up to Rs. 102 / Liter
 Electricity and gas shortages, unbridled price hike,
 Burden of foreign loans.
 GDP rate decrease in the Era of Zardari
 Third and last tenure of Nawaz
Sharif
 In May 2013, Nawaz Sharif was elected as prime minister of
Pakistan for a third time, among claims of widespread
rigging.
 On April 04, 2016, after the leak of the Panama Papers,
Nawaz’s daughter, Maryam Nawaz, was identified as the
beneficial owner of two offshore companies.
 After announcing their verdict, the Supreme Court ordered
the formation of a Joint Investigation Team, which found PM
Sharif to be the chairman of Capital FZE, a Dubai-based
company.
 Third and last tenure of Nawaz
Sharif
 Following the findings of the JIT, the apex court bench
analyzed its report and reserved its ruling on the Panama
Papers case. On July 28, 2017, the bench disqualified
Nawaz Sharif from holding public office.

 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi was nominated as the Prime

Minister of Pakistan.
 2018 Pakistani general election
 General elections were held in Pakistan on Wednesday, 25
July, 2018, after the completion of a five-year term by the
outgoing government. At the national level, elections were
held in 272 constituencies.

 Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf formed a government and Imran

Khan became the Prime Minister of Pakistan with a slogan
of‫ت ب دی ل ی‬