Assembly Language Programming

of 8085
(UNIT-2)
(SUB: Microprocessor and Interfaces)

PREPARED BY:
ER. MOHIT MISHRA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
Topics
1. Introduction
2. Programming model of 8085
3. Example Programs
4. Instruction & Data Formats of 8085
 1. Introduction
• A microprocessor executes instructions given by
the user
• Instructions should be in a language known to
the microprocessor
• Microprocessor understands the language of 0’s
and 1’s only
• This language is called Machine Language
• For e.g.
01001111
– Is a valid machine language instruction of
8085
– It copies the contents of one of the internal
registers of 8085 to another
A Machine language program to
add two numbers
00111110 ;Copy value 2H in register A
00000010
00000110 ;Copy value 4H in register B
00000100
10000000 ;A = A + B
 Assembly Language of 8085

• It uses English like words to convey the

action/meaning called as MNEMONICS
• For e.g.
– MOV to indicate data transfer
– ADD to add two values
– SUB to subtract two values
Assembly language program to add
two numbers
MVI A, 2H ;Copy value 2H in register A
MVI B, 4H ;Copy value 4H in register B
ADD B ;A = A + B
Note:
• Assembly language is specific to a given
processor
• For e.g. assembly language of 8085 is different
than that of Motorola 6800 microprocessor
Microprocessor understands Machine Language only!

• Microprocessor cannot understand a program

written in Assembly language
• A program known as Assembler is used to
convert a Assembly language program to
machine language

Assembly Machine
Assembler
Language Language
Program
Program Code
Low-level/High-level languages
• Machine language and Assembly language are
both
– Microprocessor specific (Machine dependent)
so they are called
– Low-level languages
• Machine independent languages are called
– High-level languages
– For e.g. BASIC, PASCAL,C++,C,JAVA, etc.
– A software called Compiler is required to
convert a high-level language program to
machine code
2. Programming model of 8085

Accumulator 16-bit
Address Bus
Register Array
ALU

Memory Pointer
Flags Registers 8-bit Data
Bus
Instruction
Decoder

Control Bus
Timing and Control Unit
Accumulator (8-bit) Flag Register (8-bit)
S Z AC P CY

B (8-bit) C (8-bit)
D (8-bit) E (8-bit)
H (8-bit) L (8-bit)
Stack Pointer (SP) (16-bit)
Program Counter (PC) (16-bit)

8- Lines 16- Lines

Bidirectional Unidirectional
Overview: 8085 Programming model
1. Six general-purpose Registers
2. Accumulator Register
3. Flag Register
4. Program Counter Register
5. Stack Pointer Register
1. Six general-purpose registers
– B, C, D, E, H, L
– Can be combined as register pairs to
perform 16-bit operations (BC, DE, HL)
2. Accumulator – identified by name A
– This register is a part of ALU
– 8-bit data storage
– Performs arithmetic and logical operations
– Result of an operation is stored in
accumulator
3. Flag Register
– This is also a part of ALU
– 8085 has five flags named
• Zero flag (Z)
• Carry flag (CY)
• Sign flag (S)
• Parity flag (P)
• Auxiliary Carry flag (AC)
• These flags are five flip-flops in flag register
• Execution of an arithmetic/logic operation can
set or reset these flags
• Condition of flags (set or reset) can be tested
through software instructions
• 8085 uses these flags in decision-making
process
4. Program Counter (PC)
– A 16-bit memory pointer register
– Used to sequence execution of program
instructions
– Stores address of a memory location
• where next instruction byte is to be fetched
by the 8085
– when 8085 gets busy to fetch current
instruction from memory
• PC is incremented by one
• PC is now pointing to the address of next
instruction
5. Pointer Register
– a 16-bit memory pointer register
– Points to a location in Stack memory
– Beginning of the stack is defined by loading
a 16-bit address in stack pointer register
4. Writing a Assembly Language Program
• Steps to write a program
– Analyze the problem
– Develop program Logic
– Write an Algorithm
– Make a Flowchart
– Write program Instructions using
Assembly language of 8085
Program 8085 in Assembly language to add two 8-
bit numbers and store 8-bit result in register C.

1. Analyze the problem

– Addition of two 8-bit numbers to be done
2. Program Logic
– Add two numbers
– Store result in register C
– Example
10011001 (99H) A
+00111001 (39H) D
11010010 (D2H) C
 Translation to 8085
3. Algorithm operations
1. Get two numbers • Load 1st no. in register D
• Load 2nd no. in register E
2. Add them • Copy register D to A
• Add register E to A
3. Store result • Copy A to register C

4. Stop • Stop processing

 4. Make a Flowchart
Start
• Load 1st no. in register D
Load Registers D, E • Load 2nd no. in register E

Copy D to A • Copy register D to A

• Add register E to A
Add A and E

Copy A to C • Copy A to register C

• Stop processing
Stop
 5. Assembly Language Program

1. Get two numbers

a) Load 1st no. in register D MVI D, 2H
b) Load 2nd no. in register E MVI E, 3H
2. Add them
a) Copy register D to A MOV A, D
b) Add register E to A ADD E
3. Store result
a) Copy A to register C MOV C, A
4. Stop
a) Stop processing HLT
Program 8085 in Assembly language to add two 8-
bit numbers. Result can be more than 8-bits.

1. Analyze the problem

– Result of addition of two 8-bit numbers can
be 9-bit
– Example
10011001 (99H) A
+10011001 (99H) B
100110010 (132H)
– The 9th bit in the result is called CARRY bit.
• How 8085 does it?
– Adds register A and B
– Stores 8-bit result in A
– SETS carry flag (CY) to indicate carry bit

10011001 99H A
+
10011001 99H B

0
1 10011001
00110010 32H
99H A
CY
• Storing result in Register memory
CY A
1 10011001 32H

Register B Register C

Step-1 Copy A to C
Step-2
a) Clear register B
b) Increment B by 1
2. Program Logic

1. Add two numbers

2. Copy 8-bit result in A to C
3. If CARRY is generated
– Handle it
4. Result is in register pair BC
 Translation to 8085
3. Algorithm
operations

1. Load two numbers in • Load registers D, E

registers D, E
• Copy register D to A
2. Add them
• Add register E to A
• Copy A to register C
3. Store 8 bit result in C
4. Check CARRY flag • Use Conditional
5. If CARRY flag is SET Jump instructions
• Store CARRY in
• Clear register B
register B
• Increment B
6. Stop
• Stop processing
 4. Make a Flowchart
Start

Load Registers D, E If False

CARRY Clear B
NOT SET
Copy D to A
Increment B
True
Add A and E

Copy A to C
Stop
 5. Assembly Language Program
• Load registers D, E MVI D, 2H
MVI E, 3H
• Copy register D to A
• Add register E to A MOV A, D
• Copy A to register C ADD E
MOV C, A
• Use Conditional JNC END
Jump instructions
• Clear register B MVI B, 0H
• Increment B INR B
• Stop processing END: HLT
 4. Addressing Modes of 8085
• Format of a typical Assembly language instruction is
given below-
[Label:] Mnemonic [Operands] [;comments]
HLT
MVI A, 20H
MOV M, A ;Copy A to memory location whose
address is stored in register pair HL
LOAD: LDA 2050H ;Load A with contents of memory
location with address 2050H
READ: IN 07H ;Read data from Input port with
address 07H
 5. Instruction & Data Formats

8085 Instruction set can be classified

according to size (in bytes) as
1. 1-byte Instructions
2. 2-byte Instructions
3. 3-byte Instructions
 1. One-byte Instructions
• Includes Opcode and Operand in the same byte
• Examples-

Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code

MOV C, A 0100 1111 4FH
ADD B 1000 0000 80H
HLT 0111 0110 76H
 1. Two-byte Instructions
• First byte specifies Operation Code
• Second byte specifies Operand
• Examples-
Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code
MVI A, 32H 0011 1110 3EH
0011 0010 32H
MVI B, F2H 0000 0110 06H
1111 0010 F2H
 1. Three-byte Instructions
• First byte specifies Operation Code
• Second & Third byte specifies Operand
• Examples-
Opcode Operand Binary Code Hex Code
LXI H, 2050H 0010 0001 21H
0101 0000 50H
0010 0000 20H
LDA 3070H 0011 1010 3AH
0111 0000 70H
0011 0000 30H