9P1.

The Bohr Model of The Atom

Assigned Reading: 9.3

Learning Objective:
To learn about Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom
 Development of Atomic Models

• Indivisible • empty
• Identical • + stuff space
• React in
fixed ratios
• – electrons +
Rutherford’s Model:

couldn’t explain some

properties like light colors.
 white light  continuous spectrum

prism
Answer: Atomic Emission Spectra
(only specific colors of energy & frequency)

helium
(He) prism
lamp
elements  discrete lines of E & f
Atomic Emission spectra of elements
(FINGERPRINT)
He

Ne

Ar

H
Hydrogen Emission Spectrum

A mystery for
Niels Bohr.
Bohr’s Shell Model (1913–Niels Bohr)

electrons occupy only specific

levels (or shells)

of “quantized” energy

(& wavelength & frequency)

 Bohr’s Shell Model
EXCITED state

e–’s absorb (+) energy,

move to outer
levels

GROUND
state

e–’s emit (–) energy, move back to

inner levels.
Development of Atomic Models
Quick Quiz!

1. Rutherford's model of the atom could

NOT explain…
A. any properties of elements.
B. the chemical properties of elements.
C. the distribution of mass in an atom.
D. the distribution of positive and
negative charges in an atom.
Quick Quiz.

2. Bohr's model of the atom proposed that

electrons are found…
A. embedded in a sphere of positive
charge.
B. in fixed positions surrounding the
nucleus.
C. in fixed orbits of specific energy.
D. orbiting the nucleus in a single fixed
circular path.
Quick Quiz.

3. The lines in the emission spectrum for

an element are caused by…
A. the movement of electrons from lower
up to higher energy levels.
B. the movement of electrons from
higher down to lower energy levels.
C. the electrons in energy levels in the
ground state.
D. the electron locations of an atom.
Draw: What happens to an electron when energy is added?
Draw: What is released when an electron loses energy?
Draw: What determines the energy of emitted light?
9P2. Energy and Light

Assigned Reading: 9.1 & 9.2

Learning Objective:
To explore the nature of electromagnetic radiation
 Bohr’s Shell Model
EXCITED e–’s emit
state
(–) energy,
e ’s absorb
–
move
(+) energy, back to
move to inner
outer levels
levels (n=5 to n=2)
GROUND
(n=2 to n=5)
state
5
2
∆E quantum: amount of energy
absorbed or emitted as electrons
transition fixed energy levels.
Electron Physics
Energy and theand Light
Quantum >
Mechanical Model

The distance between same points on adjacent

wavelength () (m)
waves is the _______________.
The number of waves passing a point per unit of
frequency () (Hz)(s–1)
time is the ______________.

If both waves
move at the
same speed,  and  are inversely proportional
which has
more energy?
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End Show
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
 R O Y
Physics and the Quantum
Mechanical Model
G> B I V

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Lowest Energy Highest Energy

(higher ) (shorter )

All EM radiation travels at the same speed: Slide

the speed of light (c), 3.00  108 m/s. End Show

19 of 38

© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

c =  Physics and the Quantum
(given on test)
Mechanical Model
> joules (J)

(c) speed of light

E = h
= 3.00 x 108 m/s (h) Planck’s constant
= 6.63 x 10–34
shorter l
higher n , _______ higher n , ______
higher E
(inversely) (directly)

Calculate energy (E) from

frequency (n) or wavelength (l):
↔ ↔E
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End Show
© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Ex1: Calculate the wavelength of the yellow light emitted by a sodium
lamp if frequency of the radiation is 5.10 x 1014 Hz.

(3.00 x 108) = λ (5.10 x 1014)

(3.00 x 108) = λ
(5.10 x 1014)

λ = 5.88 x 10–7 m
Ex.2. Calculate the frequency of blue light with a
wavelength of 6.05 x 10–7 m (or 605 nm).

(3.00 x 108) = (6.05 x 10–7) n

(3.00 x 108) = n
(6.05 x 10–7)

n = 4.96 x 1014 s–1

Ex. 3. Calculate the energy of the yellow light emitted by a
sodium lamp if frequency of the radiation is 5.10 x 1014 Hz.

E = (6.63 x 10–34) (5.10 x 1014)

E = 3.38 x 10–19 J
Ex. 4. Calculate the energy of blue light with a
wavelength (l) of 6.05 x 10–7 m (or 605 nm).

c = λn
(3.00 x 108) = (6.05 x 10–7) n

(3.00 x 108) = n n = 4.96 x 1014 s–1

(6.05 x 10–7)
E = hn
E = (6.63 x 10–34) (4.96 x 1014)
E = 3.29 x 10–19 J
Quick Quiz!
1. Which of the following relationships is true?
A. Higher-energy light has a higher
frequency than lower-energy light.

B. Higher-energy light has a longer

wavelength than lower-energy light.

C. Higher-energy light travels at a faster

speed than lower-energy light.

D. Higher-frequency light travels at a slower

speed than lower-energy light does.
Quick Quiz.

2. The energy of EM radiation is greatest for…

A. visible light.

B. ultraviolet light.

C. infrared light.

D. X-ray radiation.
Quick Quiz.

3. The longer the wavelength of light, the…

A. higher the frequency.

B. higher the energy.

C. lower the frequency.

D. lower the energy.

The distance between two successive peaks or troughs in a wave is called

the wavelength

frequency
The _______ indicates the number of waves that pass a given point per
second.

speed
The _______ indicates how fast a given peak of a wave moves through
space.

light
We usually use the term _____ for all forms of electromagnetic
radiation.
Which color of visible light has the least amount of
energy per photon?

a. green b. violet c. red d. blue e. yellow

Which color of visible light has the most energy per

photon?

a. blue b. red c. green d. violet e. yellow

 9P3. Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom

Assigned Reading: 9.4

Learning Objective:
To understand how the electron’s position is
represented in the wave mechanical model
Development of Atomic Models
Where are the electrons exactly?
propeller has equal
probability of being
anywhere in the
blurry region, but…

…you cannot
tell its exact
location at any
instant.
Quantum Mechanical Model (Electron Cloud)
(1926–Erwin Schrodinger & others)

• shows most
probable
locations of
electrons

• equations
describe electrons
as waves in
motion through
space
Quantum Mechanical Model
The electron is visualized not as a particle
at some location in the atom, but its mass
and charge are spread as a standing wave
around the nucleus.
energy levels 1,2,3,4
straightened out
 Quantum Mechanical Model
a. Bohr’s model shows electrons orbit the nucleus
like planets going around the sun.
b. de Broglie’s idea shows a wave along an orbit.
c. Quantum Mechanical model:
electrons are in a 3D “cloud” of orbits of
wave equations (math) and probability.
 5.2 levels have
energy Atomic Orbitals

sublevels of different
shapes (not perfect rings)
Atomic Orbitals

energy levels have sublevels of

different shapes (not perfect rings
like Bohr proposed)
 5.2 levels have
energy Atomic Orbitals

sublevels of different
shapes (not perfect rings)
Atomic Orbitals

energy levels have sublevels of

different shapes (not perfect rings
like Bohr proposed)
atomic orbitals: 3-D regions with a high
probability of electrons

s orbitals p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped

are in 3 directions
spherical

f
 Electron energy levels have
sublevels of different shapes
2s Nucleus
orbital

2p
orbitals

1s 3s
orbital orbital
 Development of Atomic Models

1803 Dalton
1904 Thomson

1911 Rutherford

1913 Bohr

1926 Quantum Mechanical

Model
Quick Quiz!

1. What does the quantum mechanical model

describe about atoms?
A. the probable locations of electrons in
atoms
B. the precise locations of electrons in
atoms
C. the number of electrons in an atom
D. how crazy chemistry is
Quick Quiz.

2. What do orbitals (s, p, d, f) tell us about

the sublevel of an electron?
A. the amount of energy in each electron
B. the number of electrons in each
sublevel
C. the shape of the region they occupy
D. that my brain feels mushy now
Which of the following statements is false concerning orbitals?

a. An orbital is a region of space where an electron might be found

with 90% probability.

b.As an electron absorbs more energy, the orbital in which it might

be found becomes larger and/or more complex.

c. For each successive energy level, a new type of orbital is added.

d. For each orbital, an electron orbits the nucleus around the outer
edge according to the shape of that orbital. e. The d orbitals begin
at the third principal energy level and can hold a maximum of 10
electrons for a given energy level.
d
 What type of orbital is represented?

What is the maximum number of

electrons that this orbital can hold?

Where could an electron be located in the representation

above?
a. Point A ANSWER: e. An electron could be
b. Point B
located at any of these points.
c. Point C
d. Point D
e. An electron could be located at any of these points.
9P4. Electronic Configuration

Assigned Reading: 9.5, 9.6 & 9.7

Learning Objective:
To learn about the electronic configuration of atoms
 Electron energy levels have
sublevels of different shapes
2s Nucleus
orbital

2p
orbitals

1s 3s
orbital orbital
How do electrons fill these orbitals?
Electron Configurations:
location of e–’s in
different orbitals

3 principles
describe the
electron configuration
of any atom:
• the aufbau principle
• the Pauli exclusion principle
• and Hund’s rule
Electron Arrangement in > Aufbau Principle:
Atoms
(building up)
e–’s fill orbitals of
lowest energy first

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nucleus © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show
Electron Arrangement in > Pauli Exclusion
Atoms
Principle:
(up/down)
e–’s in same orbital
have opposite spin

Slide
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nucleus © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show
Electron Arrangement in > Hund’s Rule:
Atoms
(up/up/up/
down/down/down)
e–’s pair after one in
each same E orbital

Slide
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nucleus © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show
 Write the electron
configuration for
phosphorus (P):

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p2 2 6 2 3

Slide
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nucleus © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show
 Write the electron
configuration for
phosphorus (P):

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p2 2 6 2 3

valence electrons:
e–’s in the outer most
(highest) energy level
How many valence e–’s in
phosphorus (P)? 5
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nucleus © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show
Electron Arrangement in > Write the electron
Atoms
configuration for
Krypton (Kr):

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

(3d fills after 4s)

Slide
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nucleus © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show
Electron Arrangement in > Write the electron
Atoms
configuration for
Krypton (Kr):

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6

valence electrons:
e–’s in the outer most
(highest) energy level
How many valence e–’s in
Krypton (Kr)? 8 Slide
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nucleus © Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show
Write the full electron configuration
for Gallium (Ga), atomic number 31.

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
2 2 6 2 6 2 10 1

OR [Ar]4s2 3d104p1
noble gas core
configuration Ar
valence e ’s:
–
Lewis dot diagram:
e–’s in highest valence e ’s as dots
–

energy level
Phosphorus (P): Bromine (Br):
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5
[Ne]3s2 3p3 [Ar]4s2 3d10 4p5
# valence e–’s: ___
5 # valence e–’s: ___
7
Group # : ___
5A Group # : ___
7A
Lewis dot Lewis dot
diagram: P diagram: Br
Quick Quiz!
1. Which element has following electron
configuration: 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6 2

A. Ca How many valence e–’s? 2

Group 2
B. Ne

C. Na

D. Mg
Quick Quiz.
2. Write the electron configuration
for an atom of oxygen (O).
A. 1s2 2s6
How many valence e–’s? 6
B. 1s2 2p6
Group 16 (6A)
C. 1s2 2s2 2p4
D. 1s2 2s3 2p3
What is the maximum number of electrons that a d-orbital can hold?

10 electrons

A given set of p orbitals consists of_____ orbital(s).

3
The maximum number of electrons allowed in each of the p orbitals is

2 electrons

The maximum number of electrons allowed in the p sublevel of the third

principal level is

6 electrons
The electron configuration for the phosphorus atom is

The electron configuration for the oxygen atom is

Zn
Ar

K
s orbital
H , He p orbitals

Li , Be B , C , N , O , F , Ne
Na , Mg Al , Si , P , S , Cl , Ar
9P5. Atomic Properties

Assigned Reading: 9.8

Learning Objective:
To understand the general trends in the properties
Of the periodic table
Atomic Radius
decreases across period
-more nuclear charge
(more attraction)

increases down group

-more levels
of
shielding
(less
attraction)
Radius decreases across a period
 Increased effective nuclear charge
due to decreased shielding

Radius increases down a group

 Each row on the periodic table adds

a “shell” or energy level to the atom
Why does the size of the atom decrease
across a period from LEFT to RIGHT?

Effective Nuclear Charge Increases

“Nuclear Charge – Shielding”

Why does the size of the atom increase
Down a group, up to down?

Going down a column also means that the

number of energy levels are increasing. Increasing
the energy levels causes the atoms to be larger.
What about Ions & Ionic Radius

Cations from metals: Anions from nonmetals:

• e–’s removed  e–’s added
• positive (+) charge  negative (–) charge
• smaller  larger
• outer shell lost
 more e– repulsions
Order the following lists of elements in order from smallest to largest.

a) K, As, Br

Br, As, K

b) P, Sb, N

N, P, Sb
c) S, Ca, Mg, Cl

Cl, S, Mg, Ca
Give the name and atomic number of each atom.

Atom A is larger than atom B. The attraction between the nucleus and outer level electrons
is equal in atoms A and B, so what other reason could there be for Atom A’s larger size?
Propose an explanation based on that structure of atoms A and B.

Atom A has an additional level of electrons.

Each additional level increases the size of the
atom.
Draw Bohr diagrams for sulfur and chlorine.

a) Find the size of the charge attraction from the nucleus to the outer energy
level for sulfur and for chlorine. Sulfur: +6 Chlorine: +7

b) Which atom do you predict to be larger: sulfur or chlorine? sulfur

c) Explain, in detail, your reasoning to part b.

Sulfur has a weaker attraction than chlorine. Therefore, sulfur’s electrons

won’t be held as tightly as chlorine’s.
Explain clearly and briefly.
 ANSWER: b. O, Zn, Ca, Ba

Explain clearly and briefly.

d. F, Cl, S
9P6. Ionization Energy

Assigned Reading: 9.8

Learning Objective:
To understand the general trends in the properties
Of the periodic table
Ionization Energy (IE):
• energy required to remove an e– +
increases across period
-more nuclear charge

decreases down a group

(more attraction)

-more levels
of
shielding
(less
attraction)
Draw Bohr diagrams of the following atoms: lithium, nitrogen and fluorine.

Which atom has the strongest attraction between the nucleus and outer
electrons?
Fluorine has the strongest attraction. A +7 force from the nucleus is attracting
the outer level. (Nitrogen’s outer level feels a +5 attraction and lithium’s outer
level feels a +1 attraction from the nucleus.)

Which would be more difficult: if you wanted to remove an outer electron from an
atom of fluorine or from an atom of nitrogen?
It would take more energy to remove an outer electron from
an atom of fluorine than from nitrogen. The outer electron
from fluorine feels a stronger force of attraction from the
nucleus.
The amount of energy that it takes to completely remove an
electron from an atom is called ionization energy.

The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove

one electron from an atom’s outer energy level.

The second ionization energy is the energy needed to remove a

second electron from the energy level. The second ionization
energy is always higher than the first ionization energy.

Because noble gases have eight electrons in their outer energy

level, they are very stable and therefore it takes a very high
amount of energy to remove an electron from a noble gas.
Which would have a higher first ionization energy: phosphorus
or aluminum? (You may want to draw a Bohr diagram to help
you determine the answer.)

Phosphorus, because it has a higher attraction between

(+5) the nucleus and outer electrons than aluminum (+3
attraction).
The second ionization energy of all elements is higher than the first
ionization energy, but in sodium the second ionization energy is extra large.
Considering the structure of the sodium atom explain why this might be.
(HINT: after one electron is removed, what is sodium’s electron
arrangement like?).

After the first electron is removed, sodium has the same

electron configuration as neon with 10 electrons. It is like a
noble gas and therefore to remove the next electron is very
difficult.
Down a group????

Would it be easier to separate the magnets in Diagram D or those

in Diagram E in Figure 2?

Magnets are easier to separate when they are

farther apart, so it will be easier to separate the
magnets in Diagram E.
would it be easier to remove an electron from nitrogen
or from phosphorus?

It would be easier to remove an electron from

phosphorus than from nitrogen since the outer electron
is farther away in the phosphorus atom.

Nitrogen and phosphorus are in the same column on the

periodic table. what happens to the ionization energy as
you move down a column in the periodic table?

As you move down a column of the periodic table, the

ionization energy decreases because the size of the
atoms increases.
Quick Quiz.
As you go across period 3 from Mg to Cl, the energy
needed to remove an electron from an atom
______________.
A. generally increases
B. generally decreases
WHY?
C. does not change
D. varies unpredictably.

more protons
more nuclear charge
more attraction
(same energy level/shielding)
Quick Quiz.

The noble gases have _____________.

A. high ionization energies.
B. high electronegativities.
C. large atomic radii.
D. a tendency to form both cations and anions.
Quick Quiz.

Alkali metals have lower ionization energies than halogen

because _______________.
A. alkali metals are smaller with more protons.
B. halogens are larger with more protons.
C. alkali metals are larger with lower
nuclear charges.
D. halogens are smaller with fewer protons.
How does magnesium compare with sodium in terms of the
following properties?

atomic size

ANSWER: smaller

number of outer shell electrons

ANSWER: larger

ionization energy

ANSWER: larger
What are the general trends in ionization energy
a. across a period? b. down a group (family)?

ANSWER: a. increases; b. decreases

Which has the higher ionization energy, K or Br? Explain

ANSWER: Br
Which has the higher ionization energy, Rb or Cs? Explain

ANSWER: Rb