Click icon to add picture WELL LOGGING

PREPARED BY: ABDALMOLA ALBSHER

ABDALMOLA
STUDENT ID: 22180675
SUPERVISED BY: ENG HAYAT ALHAJ
 CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of well logging
Classifications of well logging
Permeability and lithology logs
Porosity logs
Electrical logs
Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

What is well logging? What is well logging?

Well logging, also known Some types of geophysical well
as borehole logging is the logs can be done during any
phase of a well's history:
practice of making a drilling, completing, producing,
detailed record (a well log) or abandoning.
of the geologic formations Well logging is performed in
penetrated by a borehole. boreholes drilled for the
The logging is based on oil and gas, groundwater,
physical measurements mineral and geothermal
exploration.
made by instruments
 HOW IS WELL LOGGING DONE?
Wireline logging is performed by lowering a 'logging tool' - or
a string of one or more instruments - on the end of a wireline
into an oil well and recording petrophysical properties using
a variety of sensors.
The data itself is recorded either at surface (real-time mode),
or in the hole (memory mode) to an electronic data format
and then either a printed record or electronic presentation
called a "well log" is provided to the client, along with an
electronic copy of the raw data.
Well logging operations can either be performed during the
drilling process (Logging While Drilling), to provide real-time
information about the formations being penetrated by the
borehole, or once the well has reached Total Depth and the
whole depth of the borehole can be logged.
 ADVANTAGES OF WELL LOGGING

Well logging provides detailed information about the subsurface

geology, including the type of rock, its porosity, permeability, and fluid
content.
Well logging helps in reservoir characterization by providing data on the
size, shape, and location of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Well logging saves time and money by reducing the need for expensive
drilling and testing.
Well logging helps to improve drilling efficiency by identifying potential
hazards such as unstable formations or high-pressure zones.
 DISADVANTAGES OF WELL LOGGING

• The equipment required for well logging is expensive and requires

skilled operators to operate it.
• The accuracy of well logs is limited by the quality of the data collected
and the interpretation methods used.
• Well logs provide information only about the area immediately
surrounding the borehole and do not provide a complete picture of the
subsurface geology.
• The use of radioactive isotopes in some types of well logs raises
environmental concerns about their disposal.
 History of Well Logging
 Well logging has a rich history that dates
back to the early 20th century.
 The first well logs were simple electrical
measurements used to identify
formation boundaries.
 Over time, logging techniques evolved,
incorporating various measurements
such as gamma-ray, resistivity, and sonic.
 Significant advancements in technology
and data interpretation have
revolutionized the field of well logging.
 TYPES OF WELL LOGGING

I. OPEN HOLE LOGGING II. CASED HOLE LOGGING

 Open-hole logging refers  cased-hole
to logging operations that logging involves retrieving
are performed on a well logging measurements
before the wellbore has through the well casing, or
been cased the metal piping that is
and cemented. In other inserted into the well.
words, the logging is done
through the bare rock
sides of the formation. 
Classification of Well Logging
Logs can be classified into several
types under different category
I. Permeability and lithology Logs
1.Gamma Ray Logging
2.Spontaneous Potential Logging
3.Caliper Log
II. Porosity Logs
1.Density Logging
2.Sonic (Acoustic) Logging
3.Neutron Logging
III.Electrical Logs
1.Resistivity Logging 9
Permeability and Lithology Logs
 Gamma Ray Logging (GR)
Gamma Rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves which are
emitted by atomic nuclei as a form of radiation
Gamma ray log is measurement of natural radioactivity in formation
verses depth.
It is also known as shale log.
GR log reflects shale or clay content.
Clean formations have low radioactivity level.
Correlation between wells,
Determination of bed boundaries,
Evaluation of shale content within a formation,
Mineral analysis,
Depth control for perforating.
Particularly useful for defining shale beds when the SP is featureless
 Spontaneous Potential Logging
 The spontaneous potential (SP) curve records the naturally
occurring electrical potential (voltage) produced by the
interaction of formation connate water, conductive drilling
fluid, and shale
 The SP curve reflects a difference in the electrical potential
between a movable electrode in the borehole and a fixed
reference electrode at the surface
 Though the SP is used primarily as a lithology indicator and
as a correlation tool, it has other uses as well:
I. Permeability and porosity indicator,
II. shale volume indicator, ,
III. formation water salinity indicator
 Caliper Log
 The logging system provides a continuous recording of
borehole diameter versus depth.
 Can be used in both soft and hard formations, run in
uncased wells.
 The main indicator of the log is:
 Determine hole and casing diameter,
 Locate caved zones,
 Recognition of mud cake

 When a hole diameter less than the bit size is an

excellent indicator of permeability.
Porosity Logs
 POROSITY LOGS

I. DENSITY LOGS I. DENSITY LOGS

 The formation density log  Dense formations absorb
is a porosity log that many gamma rays, while low-
measures electron density density formations absorb
of a formation. fewer. Thus, high-count rates
at the detectors indicate low-
 Therefore, scattered density formations, whereas
gamma rays reaching the low count rates at the
detector is an indication of detectors indicate high-
formation density. density formations.
 POROSITY LOGS

ii. SONIC (ACOUSTIC) LOGS II. SONIC (ACOUSTIC) LOGS

Acoustic tools measure the speed of  Detecting fractures and evaluating
sound waves in subsurface secondary porosity,
ormations. While the acoustic log  Evaluating cement bonds between
can be used to determine porosity in casing, and formation,
consolidated formations, it is also
valuable in other applications, such  Detecting over-pressure,
as:  Determining mechanical propertie
ndicating lithology (in combination with the density
Determining integrated travel time log).
an important tool for
seismic/wellbore correlation),
 POROSITY LOGS

III.NEUTRON LOGS III.NEUTRON LOGS

 The Neutron Log is primarily  The Neutron Log can be
used to evaluate formation summarized as the continuous
porosity, but the fact that it is measurement of the induced
really just a hydrogen detector radiation produced by the
should always be kept in mind. bombardment of that formation
 It is used to detect gas in with a neutron source contained
certain situations, exploiting in the logging tool which sources
the lower hydrogen density, or emit fast neutrons that are
hydrogen index. eventually slowed by collisions
with hydrogen atoms until they
are captured. 
Electrical Logs
 RESISTIVITY LOGS
 Resistivity logging measures subsurface
electrical resistivity, distinguishing
between formations with salty waters
(good conductors) and hydrocarbons
(poor conductors).
 Resistivity and porosity measurements
determine water saturation.
 Resistivity is expressed in ohms/meter
and often plotted logarithmically against
depth due to its wide range.
 Current penetration depth varies from a
few centimeters to one meter depending
on the tool.
 RESISTIVITY LOGS
• Electrode tools:
• Directly apply current to the formation.
• Measure resistivity.
• Measure shallow resistivity.

• Induction tools:
• Induce current in the formation.
• Measure conductivity.
• Measure deep resistivity.
• More commonly used.

• Deep induction tools:

• Operate in the frequency range of 35 – 20,000 Hz.

• Combination of electrode and induction tools:

• Creates a single log of resistivity for different formation zones.
 CONCLUSION

 Well logging is a  It helps characterize  Well logging data  Continued

vital technique for reservoir properties, interpretation advancements in well
obtaining identify and integration logging technology
subsurface insights hydrocarbon zones, enable informed promise further
in the oil and gas and optimize decision-making improvements in
industry. production for reservoir data acquisition and
strategies. management. analysis.
THANKS FOR
YOUR
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