Chapter: 02

Is Matter Around Us Pure?

 Index:
• What is mixture?
• Types of mixture
• What is solution?
• Properties of solution
• Concentration of solution
• What is suspension?
• What is colloid solution?
• Properties of colloid
• Separating the components
• Physical and Chemical changes
• What are the types of Pure substance?
A schematic presentation of
different type of matter
Classification of matter :-
i) On the basis of the physical state, matter is classified into three main types.
They are solids, liquids and gases.
ii) On the basis of chemical composition matter is classified into two main types.
They are pure substances and mixtures.
Pure substances are of two types. The are elements and compounds.
Mixtures are of two types. They are homogeneous mixtures and
heterogeneous mixtures.
Matter

Pure substances Mixtures

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

mixture mixture
Pure substances and mixtures :-
i) Pure substance :- is a substance which consists of a single type of substance
(element or compound).
Eg:- iron, copper, hydrogen, oxygen, water, sugar, common salt etc.
ii) Mixture :- is a substance which consists of two or more pure
substances. Eg:- sea water, minerals, soil, air, sand and salt, sugar in
water, salt in water etc.
Differences between pure substances and mixtures :-
Sr.No. Pure substance Mixture
Pure substance consists of a single Mixture consists of two or more pure
1
type of substance substances.

Pure substance cannot be separated Mixture can be separated into its

2 into other substances by physical components by physical methods.
methods.
Pure substance has its own definite Mixture shows the properties of its
properties. components.
3
Types of pure substances :-
Pure substances are of two types. They are elements and compounds.
i) Element :- is a basic form of matter which cannot be broken down
into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Elements are of
three types. They are metals, non metals and metalloids.
Properties of metals :-
They have lustre. They are malleable and ductile. They are good
conductors of heat and electricity. They are sonorous.
Eg :- iron, aluminium, zinc, mercury, copper, silver, gold etc.
Properties of non metals :-
They do not have lustre. They are not malleable or ductile. They are
poor conductors of heat and electricity. They are not sonorus.
Eg :- hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iodine, carbon, sulphur,
phosphorus etc.
Properties of metalloids :-
Metalloids are elements which show some properties of metals and
some properties of non metals.
Eg :- boron, silicon, germanium etc.
ii) Compound :-
A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements chemically
combined together in a fixed ratio.
Eg :- water, carbon dioxide, sugar, salt, iron sulphide etc.
Differences between mixtures and compounds :-
Sr. Mixture Compound
No.
It is composed of two or more It is composed of two or more
1 elements or compounds mixed elements chemically combined
together. together.
The composition of the The composition of the components
2
components is in any ratio. is in a fixed ratio.
It shows the properties of the It shows different properties than
3
components. the components.

The components can be The components can be separated

4
separated by physical methods. only by chemical methods.
Types of mixtures :-
Mixtures are of two types. They are homogeneous mixture and heterogeneous
mixture.
i) Homogeneous mixture :- is a mixture which has a uniform composition.
- The particles of the mixture are not visible by the naked eye.
- The particles cannot be separated by filtration.
- The mixture is stable (the particles do not settle down).
- The path of a beam of light is not visible in the mixture.
Eg :- mixture of sugar in water, mixture of salt in water, mixture of
copper sulphate in water etc.
ii) Heterogeneous mixture :- is a mixture which has a non - uniform composition.
- The particles are visible by the naked eye.
- The particles can be separated by filtration.
- The mixture is unstable (the particles settle down).
- The path of a beam of light is visible in the mixture.
Eg :- mixture of salt and sand, mixture of sulphur and iron filings,
mixture of oil and water etc.
True solution :-
A true solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
A solution has a solvent and solute as its components.
The component in the larger amount is the solvent and the
component in the lesser amount is the solute.
Eg :- solution of salt in water, solution of sugar in water, iodine in
water (tincture iodine), soda water etc.

Properties of true solutions :-

i) True solution is a homogeneous mixture.
ii) The particles are cannot be seen by the naked eye.
iii) The solute particles cannot be separated by filtration.
iv) The solute particles do not settle down and the solution is stable.
v ) The particles do not scatter a beam of light passing through it and
the path of light is not visible in the solution.
Colloidal solution :-
A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
Eg :- mixture of starch in water, mixture of egg albumin in water,
milk, air containing dust and smoke etc.

Properties of colloidal solution :-

i) Colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture.
ii) The particles can be seen by the naked eye.
iii) The solute particles can be separated by filtration.
iv) The solute particles settle down and the solution is stable.
v) The particles scatter a beam of light passing through it and the
path of light is visible in the solution.
Suspension :-
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
Eg :- solution of sand in water, solution of chalk powder in water
etc.

Properties of suspension :-
i) Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
ii) The particles can be seen by the naked eye.
iii) The solute particles can be separated by filtration.
iv) The solute particles settle down and the solution is unstable.
v) The particles scatter a beam of light passing through it
and the path of light is visible in the solution.
SUSPENSION:
Solute particles can be separated by Solute particles settle down and the
filtration. solution is unstable.

Solute particles scatter light and the path of light is visible .

Tyndall effect :-
•When a beam of light is passed through a colloidal solution, the
colloid particles scatter the beam of light and the path of light
becomes visible in the solution. This effect is called Tyndall effect.
•Tyndall effect can be seen when light enters a room through a small
hole due to scattering of light by the dust and smoke particles.
•Tyndall effect can be seen in a dense forest due to scattering of light
by water droplets in the mist.
 Differences
True solution Colloidal solution Suspension solution

•A true solution is •A colloidal solution is •A suspension solution is

homogenous mixture of homogenous-looking but heterogeneous mixture of
two or more than two heterogeneous mixture. a solid dispersed in a liquid
substance. •In a colloid, the dispersed or a gas.
•In a true solution, solute particles can been seen •In a suspension, the
cannot be seen even with a only with a powerful dispersed particles can be
microscope. microscope. seen with the naked eye.
•In a true solution the size •In a colloid the size of •In a suspension the size of
of the particles is about. particles is between particles is highest than
10 -10m. 10-7 to 10-9m. 10-7m.
•The constituents of a true •The constituents of a •The constituents of
solution cannot be colloid, cannot be suspension can be
separated by filtration. separated by filtration. separated by ordinary
filtration.
Saturated solution :-
Saturated solution :- is a solution which cannot dissolve any more of a
solute at a given temperature.
Solubility :- of a substance is the amount of solute present
in a saturated solution of the substance.
Unsaturated solution :- is a solution which can dissolve
some more of the solute at a given temperature.
Preparation of a saturated solution :-
•Take 50ml of water in two beakers. Add salt in one beaker with
continuous stirring till no more salt dissolves in it. Similarly add sugar in the
other beaker with continuous stirring till no more sugar dissolves in it. We
get saturated
•solutions of salt and sugar.
•If the mixtures are heated it dissolves some more of the solute.
•The solubility of different substances are different.
•The solubility of substances varies with temperature.
•
Concentration of a solution :-
The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount
of the solvent or solution.
Amount of solute
Concentration of a solution = Amount of solvent
Amount of solute
Or = Amount of solution

The concentration of a solution can be expressed as mass by mass percentage or as

mass by volume percentage.
Mass of solute X 100
Mass by mass percentage of a solution = Mass of solution

Mass of solute X 100

Mass by volume percentage of a solution = Volume of solution
• A solution contains 40 g of common salt in 320 g of water. Calculate the
concentration in terms of mass by mass percentage of the solution.

• Answer :-
Mass of solute (salt) = 40 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 320 g
Also, Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent
= (40 g + 320 g)
= 360 g
Mass percentage of solution
= [(Mass of solute)/ (Mass of solution)] ×100
= (40/360) ×100 =11.1%
• What is the mass percent of a solution of 7.6
grams sucrose in 83.4 grams of water?

• Answer:
Mass percent =
mass of sucrose/mass of solution. X100
So,
=7.6g/83.4+7.6. X100
=8.3516%
How many grams of sucrose must be added to 375 grams of
water to prepare a 2.75 % by mass solution of sucrose?
 CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS
• A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a dispersed phase (or internal
phase) and a continuous phase (or dispersion medium). A colloidal system may be
solid, liquid, or gaseous. The substance which is dispersed is known as the disperse
phase and is suspended in the continuous phase.

• Colloidal dispersion is a two phase system in which the particles in the dispersed
phase are between 1 and 100 nm in diameter. 

• Colloids are formed when one substance is dispersed through another, e.g., sols (a
solid is dispersed in a liquid), gels (a liquid held in a solid network, e.g., jam or
jelly), emulsions (oily and watery liquids mixed together, e.g., milk and butter),
foams (bubbles of gas trapped in a liquid, e.g., whisked egg white or whipped
cream), solid foam (bubbles of gas trapped in a solid, e.g., meringue, cake, bread).
 Types of Colloidal System :
• A sol can be defined as a colloidal dispersion in which a solid
is the dispersed phase and liquid is the continuous phase.
Gravy, stirred custard and other thick sauces are some of the
examples of sols. When a jelly is made, gelatin is dispersed
into a liquid and heated to form a sol. As the solution cools,
protein molecules unwind forming a network that traps
water and forms a gel.
• If corn flour is mixed with water and heated, the starch
granules absorb water until they rupture, the starch then
disperses in the water and the mixture becomes more
viscous and forms a gel on cooling. Pectin, a form of
carbohydrate found in fruits, is used in the production of
jam to help it set.
Emulsions:
• An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible (they will not
mix together) liquids. One liquid (the dispersed phase) is
dispersed in the other (the continuous phase), i.e., material that
keep fat globules in water droplet or water droplet in fat are
emulsifiers. When water and oil are shaken together, they form
an emulsion. This emulsion is unstable.

• If left to stand, the oil will form a separate layer on top of the
water, e.g., traditional French dressing. A stable emulsion is
formed when two immiscible liquids are held stable by a third
substance, called an emulsifying agent. An emulsion may be oil-in-
water (o/w) in which case small oil droplets are dispersed through
water, e.g., milk, or water-in-oil (w/o) in which case small water
droplets are dispersed through oil, e.g., butter.
Foams:
• Foams are composed of small bubbles of gas
(usually air) dispersed in a liquid, e.g., egg
white foam. As liquid egg white is whisked, air
bubbles are incorporated. The mechanical
action causes albumen proteins to unfold and
form a network, trapping the air. If egg white is
heated, protein coagulates and moisture is
driven off. This forms solid foam, e.g., a
meringue. Ice cream, bread and cake are other
examples of solid foams.
Separating the components of a mixture :-
The components of a heterogeneous mixture can be separated by
simple methods like hand picking, sieving, filtration etc.
Sometimes special techniques are used to separate the components
of mixtures like :-
i) Evaporation
ii) Centrifugation
iii) Decantation (Using separating funnel)
iv) Sublimation
v) Centrifugation
vi) Chromatography
vii) Distillation and fractional distillation
 The blue colour ink is the mixture of dye and water:
This method is used for separating a volatile component (solvent)
from a non volatile component (solute) by heating the mixture.
Eg :- Ink is a mixture of a dye and water. If some ink is heated in a
dish, the water evaporates and the dye is left in the dish. Similarly
we can separate a mixture of salt and water or sugar and water by
evaporation.

Mixture of salt and water dish

wire gauze

stand

burner
Acetone
Separation of components of air :-
Air is a mixture of gases. The components of air can be separated by fractional
distillation.
Air is compressed by increasing the pressure and cooled by decreasing the
temperature to get liquid air. The liquid air is then allowed to warm up slowly in a
fractional distillation column. Then the different components separate at different
heights depending on their different boiling points.
Air

Compress and cool by increasing pressure and

decreasing temperature

Liquid air

Allow to warm up slowly

In fractional distillation column

Gases get separated at different heights

Boiling points (OC) Oxygen – 183, Argon – 186 , Nitrogen – 196

Water Purification Process
 Textual Exercise: Page: 24
1. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene and petrol (difference in their
boiling points is more than 25°C), which are miscible with each other?

• Solution:
• A technique known as simple distillation can be used to separate the mixture of
miscible liquids, where the difference in boiling point is more than 25°C, to name a few
– kerosene and petrol. The whole concept is established on the volatility property of
substances. The following are the various steps in the process of simple distillation:
• (a) In a distillation flask, take the mixture.
• (b) Treat the mixture with heat while a thermometer is affix.
• (c) We observe evaporation of petrol as it has a low boiling point.
• (d) As the vapours advance towards the condenser, a dip in the temperature causes
condensation of the vapours into liquid which can be accumulated in a flask.
• (e) We notice that kerosene tends to remain in the flask in a liquid state due to
comparatively higher boiling point.
• (f) Consequently, the liquids are separated.
2. Name the techniques used to separate the following:
• (a) Butter from curd.
• (b) Salt from seawater
• (c) Camphor from salt

• Solution:
• a) A process known as centrifugation is used to separate butter
from curd. The process is governed on the principle of density.
• b) We can use the simple evaporation technique to separate salt
from seawater. Distillation causes water to evaporate leaving solid
salt behind, hence the production of salt.
• c) Sublimation can be used to separate camphor from salt as
during the phase change, camphor does not undergo a liquid
phase.
3. What type of mixtures are separated by the
technique of crystallization?

• Solution:
• The technique of crystallization is used to separate
solids from a liquid solution. It is linked to
precipitation, but in this technique, the precipitate
is achieved in a crystal form which exhibits
extremely high levels of purity. The principle of
crystallization can be applied to purify impure
substances.
• 1. Classify the following as physical or chemical changes:
• Cutting of trees
• Melting of butter in a pan
• Rusting of almirah
• Boiling of water to form steam
• Passing of electric current through water and water breaking into hydrogen and
oxygen gases.
• Dissolving common salt in water
• Making a fruit salad with raw fruits, and
• Burning of paper and wood

• Solution:
• The following is the classification as chemical change
• Rusting of almirah
• Passing of electric current through water, and water breaking into hydrogen and
oxygen gases
• Burning of paper and wood
 Page: 28
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the
following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and
ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.
(i) Wheat grains from husk.
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.
• Solution:

(a) In water, sodium chloride in its solution can be separated through the process
of Evaporation.
(b) The technique of sublimation is apt as Ammonium chloride supports
Sublimation.
(c) Tiny chunks of metal pieces in engine oil of car can be manually filtered.
(d) Chromatography can be used for the fine segregation of various pigments
from an extract of flower petals.
(e) The technique of centrifugation can be applied to separate butter from curd. It
is based on the concept of difference in density.
(f) To separate oil from water which are two immiscible liquids which vary in their
densities, separating funnel can be an effective method.
(g) Tea leaves can be manually separated from tea using simple filtration
methods.
(h) Iron pins can be separated from sand either manually or with the
use of magnets as the pins exhibit strong magnetic quality which
can be a key characteristic hence taken into consideration.
(i) The differentiating property between husk and wheat is that there
is a difference in their mass. If treated with a small amount of
wind energy, a remarkable variation in the moving distance is
noticed. Hence to separate them, the sedimentation/winnowing
procedure can be applied.
(j) Due to the property of water, sand or fine mud particles tends to
sink in the bottom as it is denser provided they are undisturbed.
Through the process of sedimentation/decantation water can be
separated from fine mud particles as the technique is established
on obtaining clear water by tilting it out.
2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words solution, solvent, solute,
dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate, and residue.

Solution:
(a) Into a vessel, add a cup of milk which is the solvent, supply it with heat.
(b) Add tea powder or tea leaves to the boiling milk, which acts as a solute. Continue to heat
(c) The solute i.e., the tea powder remains insoluble in the milk which can be observed
while it is still boiling.
(d) At this stage, add some sugar to the boiling solution while stirring
(e) Sugar is a solute but is soluble in the solvent
(f) Continuous stirring causes the sugar to completely dissolve in the tea solution hence
reaching saturation.
(g) Once the raw smell of tea leaves is vanished and tea solution is boiled enough, take the
solution off the heat, filter or strain it to separate tea powder and the tea solution. The
insoluble tea powder remains as a residue while the solute (sugar) and the solvent
(essenced milk solution) strain through the filter medium which is collected as the
filtrate.
Solution:
(a) Given:
Mass of potassium nitrate required to produce a saturated solution in
100 g of water at 313 K = 62g
To find:
Mass of potassium nitrate required to produce a saturated solution in
50 g of water =?
Required amount = 62 x 50/100 = 31
Hence 31 g of potassium nitrate is required.

(b) The solubility of potassium chloride in water is decreased when a

saturated solution of potassium chloride loses heat at 353 K.
Consequently, Pragya would observe crystals of potassium chloride
which would have surpassed it solubility at low temperatures.
(c) Listed below is the solubility of each salt at 293 K:
Solubility of Potassium nitrate —> 32/100
Solubility of Sodium chloride —> 36/100
Solubility of Potassium chloride —> 35/100
Solubility of Ammonium chloride —> 37/100
It is observed that the ammonium chloride salt has the highest amount
of solubility when compared to any other salt at 293 K.

(d) Effect of change of temperature on the solubility of salts:

The table clearly depicts that the solubility of the salt is dependent
upon the temperature and increases with an increase in temperature.
With this, we can infer that when a salt arrives at its saturation point at
a specific temperature, there is a propensity to dissolve more salt
through an increase in the temperature of the solution.
4. Explain the following giving examples.
(a) Saturated solution
(b) Pure substance
(c) Colloid
(d) Suspension

Solution:
(a) Saturated solution: It is that state in a solution at a specific temperature when a
solvent is no more soluble without an increase in the temperature. Example:
Excess carbon leaves off as bubbles from a carbonated water solution saturated
with carbon.

(b) Pure substance: A substance is said to be pure when it comprises of only one
kind of molecules, atoms or compounds without adulteration with any other
substance or any divergence in the structural arrangement. Example: Sulphur,
diamonds
(c) Colloid: A Colloid is an intermediate between solution and
suspension. It has particles of various sizes, that ranges between 2
to 1000 nanometers. Colloids can be distinguished from solutions
using the Tyndall effect. Tyndall effect is defined as the scattering
of light (light beam) through a colloidal solution. Example: Milk,
gelatin.

(d) Suspension: It is a heterogeneous mixture that comprises of

solute particles that are insoluble but are suspended in the
medium. These particles that are suspended are not microscopic
but visible to bare eyes and are large enough (usually larger than a
micrometre) to undergo sedimentation.
5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous
or heterogeneous mixture.
soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.

Solution:
The following is the classification of the given
substances into heterogeneous mixture are:
Wood and Salt

6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is pure water?

Solution:
We can confirm if a colourless liquid is pure by setting it to boil. If it boils at 100°C
it is said to be pure. But if there is a decrease or increase in the boiling point, we
infer that water has added impurities hence not pure.
7. Which of the following materials fall into the category of “pure substance”?
(a)Ice
(b)Milk
(c)Iron
(d)Hydrochloric acid
(e)Calcium oxide
(f)Mercury
(g)Brick
(e)Wood
(f)Air.

Solution:
Following substances from the above-mentioned list are pure substances:
Iron
Ice
Hydrochloric acid
Calcium oxide
Mercury
8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.
(a) Soil
(b) Sea water
(c) Air
(d) Coal
(e) Soda water

Solution:
The following are the solutions from the above-mentioned list of mixture:
Sea water
Air
Soda water
 
9. Which of the following will show the “Tyndall effect”?
(a) Salt solution
(b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution
(d) Starch solution.

Solution:
Tyndall effect is exhibited by only milk and starch solution from the above-mentioned list of solutions.
10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and mixtures.
(a) Sodium
(b) Soil
(c) Sugar solution
(d) Silver
(e) Calcium carbonate
(f) Tin
(g) Silicon
(h) Coal
(i)  Air
(j)  Soap
(k) Methane
(l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood.
Solution:
Elements: Sodium, Silver, Tin and Silicon

Compounds: Calcium carbonate, Carbon dioxide

and Methane.

Mixture: Soil, Blood, Coal, Air, sugar solution

and Soap