Intro to IT

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global web of computers

connected to each other by wires, (mostly
phone lines). If you look at a map of big
cities, smaller towns, and scattered houses,
each is connected together with roads,
railways, etc.. This is similar to the Internet,
except with the Internet, wires connect
computers. The Internet is a superhighway.
 Some ways to use the Internet

• E-mail
• Research
• Shopping
• News
• Games
• Ed-line
 World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other web
resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via
the Internet. English scientist TimBerners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser
computerprogram in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland. The Web browser was released outside CERN in
1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August
1991.
The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and
is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet. Web pages are
primarily text documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML). In addition to formatted text, web pages may contain images, video, audio,

and software components that are rendered in the user's web browser as coherent
pages of multimedia content.
 Browsers

WWW Clients, or "Browser": The program you use to access the WWW is
known as a browser because it "browses" the WWW and requests these
hypertext documents. Browsers can be graphical, allows to see and hear
the graphics and audio;

text-only browsers (i.e., those with no sound or graphics capability) are also
available. All of these programs understand http and other Internet protocols
such as FTP, gopher, mail, and news, making the WWW a kind of "one stop
shopping" for Internet users.
 List of Web browsers

Year
1991 World Wide Web (Nexus)
1992 Viola WWW, Erwise, MidasWWW, MacWWW (Samba)
1993 Mosaic,Cello,[2] Lynx 2.0, Arena, AMosaic 1.0

1994 IBM WebExplorer, Netscape Navigator, SlipKnot 1.0, MacWeb, IBrowse, Agora (Argo), Minuet

Internet Explorer 1, Internet Explorer 2, Netscape Navigator 2.0, OmniWeb, UdiWWW, Grail
1995

Arachne 1.0, Internet Explorer 3.0, Netscape Navigator 3.0,Opera 2.0,

1996
PowerBrowser 1.5,[4] Cyberdog,Amaya 0.9,[5] AWeb,Voyager
Internet Explorer 4.0, Netscape Navigator 4.0, Netscape Communicator 4.0,
1997
Opera3.0,[6] Amaya 1.0[5]
1998 iCab, Mozilla
1999 Amaya 2.0,[5] Mozilla M3, Internet Explorer 5.0
Konqueror,Netscape 6, Opera 4,[7] Opera 5,[8] K-Meleon 0.2, Amaya 3.0,[5] Amaya
2000
4.0[5]
2001 Internet Explorer 6, Galeon 1.0, Opera 6,[9] Amaya 5.0[5]
2002 Netscape 7, Mozilla 1.0, Phoenix 0.1, Links 2.0, Amaya 6.0,[5] Amaya 7.0[5]
2003 Opera 7,[10] Apple Safari 1.0, Epiphany 1.0, Amaya 8.0[5]
2004 Firefox 1.0, Netscape Browser, OmniWeb 5.0
2005 Opera8,[11]Apple Safari2.0, Netscape Browser 8.0, Epiphany 1.8, Amaya 9.0,[5] AOL Explorer 1.0, Maxthon 1.0,Shiira 1.0

Mozilla Firefox 2.0, Internet Explorer 7,Opera 9,[12], SeaMonkey 1.0, K-Meleon 1.0,
2006
Galeon 2.0, Camino 1.0, Avant11, iCab 3
Apple Safari 3.0, Maxthon 2.0, Netscape
2007
Navigator9,NetSurf 1.0, Flock 1.0, Conkeror
Google Chrome 1, Mozilla Firefox 3, Opera 9.5,[13], Apple Safari 3.1, Konqueror 4,
2008
Amaya 10.0,[5] Flock 2, Amaya 11.0[5]
Google Chrome 2–3, Mozilla Firefox 3.5, Internet Explorer 8,Opera 10,[14], Apple Safari 4, SeaMonkey 2, Camino 2,surf, Pale Moon 3.0[15]
2009

Google Chrome 4–8, Mozilla Firefox 3.6, Opera 10.50,[16], Opera 11, Apple Safari 5,
2010
K-Meleon 1.5.4,

2011 Google Chrome 9–16, Mozilla Firefox 4-9, Internet Explorer 9,Opera 11.50, Apple Safari 5.1, Maxthon 3.0, SeaMonkey 2.1–2.6

Google Chrome 17–23, Mozilla Firefox 10–17, Internet Explorer 10, Opera 12, Apple
2012
Safari 6, Maxthon 4.0, SeaMonkey 2.7-2.14
Google Chrome24–31,Mozilla Firefox 18–26,Internet Explorer 11, Opera 15– 18, Apple Safari 7, SeaMonkey 2.15-2.23
2013
 Uniform Resource Locators, or URLs:

A Uniform Resource Locator, or URL is the address of a document found on the WWW. Browser interprets the
information in the URL in order to connect to the proper Internet server and to retrieve your desired document.
Each time a click on a hyperlink in a WWW document instructs browser to find the URL that's embedded within
the hyperlink.

.com—commercial enterprises
.mil—military site
org—organization site (non-profits, etc.)
int—organizations established by international treaty
.net—network
.biz—commercial and personal
.edu—educational site (universities, schools, etc.)
.info—commercial and personal
.gov—government organizations
.name—personal sites
 MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions)

MIME is an extension of the original

Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange different
kinds of data files on the Internet: audio, video, images, application programs,
and other kinds, as well as the ASCII text handled in the original protocol, the
Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP). In 1991, Nathan Borenstein of
Bellcore proposed to the IETF that SMTP be extended so that Internet mainly
Web) clients and servers could recognize and handle other kinds of data than
ASCII text. As a result, new file types were added to "mail" as a supported
Internet Protocol file type.
 HTML

Model and Structure of a Web site:

You need to know what the following terms mean and how they apply to the body of
work you're developing for the Web:
Website: A collection of one or more web pages linked together in a meaningful way that, as a whole, describes a
body of information or creates an overall effect.
Web server: A computer on the Internet or an intranet that delivers Web pages and other files in response to browser
requests.
Web page: A single document on a website, usually consisting of an HTML document and any items that are
displayed within that document such as inline images.
Home page: The entry page for a website, which can link to additional pages on the same website or pages on other
sites.
Developing websites:
Designing a website, like designing a book outline, a building plan, or a painting, can sometimes be a complex and
involved process. Having a plan before you begin can help you keep the details straight and help you develop the
finished product with fewer false starts. Today, you learned how to put together a simple plan and structure for
creating a set of web pages, including the following:
• Deciding what sort of content to present
• Coming up with a set of goals for that content
• Deciding on a set of topics
• Organizing and storyboarding the website
 Client-Server Architecture
In order to establish strategic alliances or to acquire and exchange information between machines, networking is
described as the act of making communication and data exchanging with other individuals, agencies, groups and
organizations. Experts use networking to expand their networks of friends, to figure out career openings, to digitalize
the businesses, marketing of products, and to improve their knowledge of news and events in their industries.
Whereas individuals use social relations, communication and educational purposes.
 Client-Side & Server Side

An operation performed by the user or clients end in the client-server architecture of a

network is called client-side. Client-side works as a front end like interface on the
system; on the other hand, the server-side performs working at the back end. The web
browsers used for requesting pages are considered as client-side; however, the server,
from where the requested page will be submitted and will give the data to show on the
device will be the server that is hosting the page. Many programming languages for
web coding are built to operate on either the server-side or the client-side.
Almost entirely in JavaScript, client-side creation is completed. This is in terms of basic
HTML and CSS coding. The explanation JavaScript is considered a client-side language.
This is because once a user loads a web page, it runs scripts on the machine. However,
on the server-side or in the back end, before the loading of HTML, language runs the
written script.
 Client-Server Architecture Components

Workstations
Servers
Networking Devices
  Workstations

Workstation is the system of users that are sometimes also

named as “client’s computer”. These workstations use
various kinds of operating systems. Most of the times MS
Windows are used on the workstations. Although, the OS
used on the client’s workstation is much cheaper than the
OS considered for server machines. 
 Server

In ultra-performer device that retains a fast processing speed,

more storage space and robust memory to deal with multiple
requests approaching simultaneously from various
workstations. At the same time, a server performs numerous
kinds of functions, such as mail servers, database servers, file
servers, and domain controllers.
 Networking Devices

Workstations and servers are interconnected with each other by means

of a specific medium. Such a medium is called a network device. Each
networking device used in the client-server architecture has its operation
and properties.

For making a connection to a server with various workstation hubs are

used.
For transferring data from a device to another device, repeaters are used.
For isolated network segmentation bridges are used.
 Client-Server Architecture Types

The functionality of client-server architecture is in various tiers.

Below are the types where different layers operate in
accordance with their type.

1 Tier Architecture
2 Tier Architecture
3 Tier Architecture
N Tier Architecture
 1 Tier Architecture

This kind of architecture contains all sorts of settings on a single device. The setting
involves configuration setting, data and marketing logic. 1 Tier architecture is one of the
reliable sources because of services; however, handling such an architecture is a bit
difficult as data resides in different variances. Below are the few layers that hold 1 tier
architecture.

•Presentation layer
•Business layer
•Data access layer
 2 Tier Architecture

This architecture facility has the best environment. As it assists in saving the user
interface on the system of the user (client) and the related data based are stored on
the server device. Database logic and business logic needs to be maintained where
these logics are to be stored either on the user’s end or the server’s end. When
these logics are stored on the client’s end, the architecture is called “fat client thin
server” however, if these logics are handled at server device then we call it as “thin
client fat server”.

Upon firing the command by the client gives quick response, and the fastest rate is
achieved as client-server devices are directly in relation (without the participation of
an intermediate party). Most of the time, ticket reservation agencies employ 2 tier
architecture.
 3 Tier Architecture

A middleware lies in between the client and the server machines in 3 tier architecture. If a
user needs specific information from the server, the user will generate the request that
will first be received by the middle layer, which will then be dispatched to the server for
further actions. In the same pattern, the response will be reached to the user’s end. That
first is received at the middle layer, and then the middle layer will dispatch the received
data from the server to the user’s end. Middleware has a provision to control and store
the data logic and business logic. Middleware in the 3-tier architecture helps to optimize
the flexibility and performance of the architecture. The framework is categorized into
three main layers

Presentation layer (Users’ Tier)

Application layer (Business Tier)
Database Tier (Data Tier)
 N Tier Architecture

The technique is a scaled form, considering three tiers. The

approach is also named “Multi-tier architecture”. This
architecture has a provision for locating each function as an
isolated layer that includes presentation, application
processing and management of data functionalities.
 Client-Server Architecture Examples

1. Web Servers:
A robust computational device that can manage many websites is like a web server. Installing numerous kinds of
web server applications on this computer, such as Apache or Microsoft IIS, offers links to the various web pages
hosted on the online, and such servers are connected to the Internet by higher-speed connections that offer ultra-
speed data transfer speeds.

2. E-Mail Servers:
e-mail servers are a valuable asset for companies, agencies and individuals as well. That enables the transferring of
messages among various stakeholders. Specific applications perform functions on the mailing servers that permit
the administrators to establish and control email accounts for the specific domain that the server hosts. Various
protocols include SMTP, IMAP, POP3 for email communication. Service Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a general
approach used for firing the messages as well as to controlling the outgoing emails. However, the Internet Message
Access Protocol (IMAP) and Post Office Protocol V3 (POP3) is used for reception and controlling the incoming emails.
3. File Servers:
File servers are exclusively allocated structures that facilitate all data to be accessed by clients. It serves as a
consolidated place for storing data, and many terminal systems may manage it.

4. Domain Name Server (DNS):

The DNS is an essential term of the Internet. Most internet users are getting benefit from this application daily
but not each user is familiar with this terminology. DNS is a kind of digital directory that holds the names of
and matches those names with numbers. Here we consider the internet protocol (IP) as numbers. IP’s are used
as addresses for communication of devices connected with the Internet. Devices connected to the Internet
that include a smartphone, laptops, personal computers, and tablets have a unique IP address. Therefore, it is
the decentralized system used for matching the website names (URL) and numerical address (IP) on the web
of a specific website for which the client is requesting.
 Client-Server Architecture Advantages

•There is a centralized network that has full leverage to control the processes and activities in
a client-server architecture.
•The central area of the architecture is used for the storage of data.
•The devices used in architecture can be controlled centrally.
•Network protection, data backup and all other concerned elements are tackled centrally.
•Users have the authority to access all the files at any time residing on the central storage.
•There exists no restriction regarding geography to access the information. One can access
any information from any place.
•The architecture can be expanded as the growth requires the scaling of users or any other
parameters.
•It offers service incorporation, which ensures that it allows user authorization to view
business data through its device and to delete any inappropriate access for logging in.
•Clients have the facility to share any resources at various platforms and places.
•The client-server design is implemented on a distributed model basis, ensuring that the
server is replaced, restored, upgraded and moved without influencing the client.
•The architecture can tackle massive weight given clients, systems, devices and network
loads.
•The architecture provides an easy user interface, file finding procedure and
management system for keeping all the files in an organized pattern.
•The architecture facilitates the data overwhelming by the reduction in data replication.
 Client-Server Architecture Disadvantages

•The users will suffer if the primary server goes dump.

•The architecture requires a particular OS related to networking.
•Configuration of Hardware components and software tools utilize plenty of costs.
•There is a need for technical as well as skilled staff for maintenance of the network
specifically for server machines.
•Numerous requests simultaneously can cause “traffic congestion problems”.
•The architecture can mostly be availed in large organizations and enterprises as the cost is
unbearable for typical clients.
Thank You