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CH 07 - Dcc10e

The document discusses data link control protocols including flow control techniques like stop-and-wait and sliding windows. It also covers error control methods such as stop-and-wait ARQ, go-back-N ARQ, and selective-reject ARQ. Finally, it provides an overview of the high-level data link control protocol HDLC, outlining its frame structure, commands/responses, and basic operation in three phases.

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11 views

CH 07 - Dcc10e

The document discusses data link control protocols including flow control techniques like stop-and-wait and sliding windows. It also covers error control methods such as stop-and-wait ARQ, go-back-N ARQ, and selective-reject ARQ. Finally, it provides an overview of the high-level data link control protocol HDLC, outlining its frame structure, commands/responses, and basic operation in three phases.

Uploaded by

Mr. Shuaimi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EDW 204

Data Communication
and Networking
CHAPTER 7

Data Link Control Protocols


“A conversation forms a two-way communication
link; there is a measure of symmetry between the two
parties, and messages pass to and fro. There is a
continual stimulus-response, cyclic action; remarks
call up other remarks, and the behavior of the two
individuals becomes concerted, co-operative, and
directed toward some goal. This is true
communication.”

—On Human Communication,


Colin Cherry
Data Link Control Protocols
 Requirements and objectives for effective data communication
between two directly connected transmitting-receiving stations:
Flow Control
 Technique for assuring that a transmitting
entity does not over-whelm a receiving
entity with data
 The receiving entity typically allocates a data
buffer of some maximum length for a transfer
 When data are received, the receiver must do
a certain amount of processing before
passing the data to the higher-level software
 In the absence of flow control, the
receiver’s buffer may fill up and overflow
while it is processing old data
Stop-and-Wait Flow Control
 Simplest form of flow
 It is often the case that a
source will break up a large
control block of data into smaller
blocks and transmit the data
in many frames
 The buffer size of the
receiver may be limited
 The longer the transmission,
the more likely that there will
be an error, necessitating
retransmission of the entire
frame
 On a shared medium it is
usually desirable not to
permit one station to the
medium for an extended
period, thus causing long
delays at the other sending
station
Sliding Windows Flow Control
 Allows multiple numbered frames to be in transit
 Receiver has buffer W long
 Transmitter sends up to W frames without ACK
 ACK includes number of next frame expected
 Sequence number is bounded by size of field (k)
• Frames are numbered modulo 2k
• Giving max window size of up to 2k – 1
 Receiver can ACK frames without permitting further
transmission (Receive Not Ready)
 Must send a normal acknowledge to resume
 If have full-duplex link, can piggyback ACKs
Error Control Techniques
Lost frames
- a frame fails

to arrive at
the other side

Damaged frames
- frame arrives
but some of
the bits are in
error
Automatic Repeat Request
(ARQ)
 Collective name
for error control
mechanisms
 Effect of ARQ is to
turn an unreliable
data link into a
reliable one
Stop and Wait ARQ
Go-Back-N ARQ
 Most commonly used error control
 Based on sliding-window
 Use window size to control number of outstanding
frames
 While no errors occur, the destination will
acknowledge incoming frames as usual
 RR=receive ready, or piggybacked acknowledgment
 If the destination station detects an error in a
frame, it may send a negative acknowledgment
 REJ=reject
 Destination will discard that frame and all future
frames until the frame in error is received correctly
 Transmitter must go back and retransmit that frame
and all subsequent frames
Selective-Reject (ARQ)
 Also called selective retransmission
 Only rejected frames are retransmitted
 Subsequent frames are accepted by the receiver
and buffered
 Minimizes retransmission
 Receiver must maintain large enough buffer
 More complex logic in transmitter
 Less widely used
 Useful for satellite links with long propagation
delays
High Level Data Link Control
(HDLC)
HDLC Data Transfer Modes
Address Field
 Identifies secondary station that transmitted or
will receive frame
 Usually 8 bits long
 May be extended to multiples of 7 bits
 Leftmost bit indicates if is the last octet (1) or not (0)
 Address 11111111 allows a primary to broadcast
a frame for reception by all secondaries
 HDLC defines three types of frames, each with a different control field
format

Information frames (I-frames)

Carry the data to be transmitted for the user

Flow and error control data, using the ARQ mechanism, are piggybacked
on an information frame

Supervisory frames (S-frames)
• Provide the ARQ mechanism when piggybacking is not used

Unnumbered frames (U-frames)
• Provide supplemental link control functions
Control Field
 Use of poll/final (P/F) bit depends on context
 In command frames P bit is set to 1 to solicit
(poll) a response from the peer HDLC entity
 In response frames F bit is set to 1 to indicate
the response frame transmitted as a result of a
soliciting command
 The basic control field for S- and I-frames uses
3 bit sequence numbers
 An extended control field can be used that employs
7-bit sequence numbers
 U-frames always contain an 8-bit control field
Information and Frame Check
Sequence (FCS) Fields
Table 7.1

HDLC
Commands
and
Responses

(Table can be found on page


230 in the textbook)
HDLC Operation
 Consists of the exchange of I-frames, S-frames and
U-frames
 Involves three phases:
Summary
 Flow control  High-level data link
 Stop-and-wait flow control (HDLC)
control  Basic characteristics
 Sliding-window flow  Frame structure
control  Operation
 Error control
 Stop-and-wait ARQ
 Go-back-N ARQ
 Selective-reject ARQ

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