Artificial Intelligence-[SESIZC444]

CS 1-Introduction
BITS Pilani Dr. Vijayalakshmi Anand
Pilani Campus
Agenda

• Course details
• Definition of AI
• Different perspectives of AI
• Application of AI
• Challenges of AI

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Course details

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

About the course

● Focus on
○ principles of artificial intelligence
○ concepts, algorithms involved in building rational agents
○ topics covered like
■ Problem solving &knowledge representation
■ Reasoning
■ a bit of learning (reinforcement learning)
■ Application of AI

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

About the course

Text Book

Exercises : In Python & its libraries

Evaluation :15% Assignment + 10% Quiz + 30% Mid Semester +

45% End Semester

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

About Labs

Exercises : In Python & its libraries

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
About Labs

Exercises : In Python & its libraries

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
About Labs

Exercises : In Python & its libraries

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
AI in real life

Self driving cars

ogl e t ra nslate
Go

Alexa BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Google maps

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Definition of Artificial intelligence

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

What is artificial intelligence?

• Intelligence:
Capacity to learn and solve problems
• Artificial intelligence: AI is the simulation of
human intelligence by machines
The ability to solve problems
The ability to act rationally
The ability to act like humans

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

History of Artificial intelligence

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Different perspectives of AI

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Acting humanly[Turing test
approach]

Pictorial Representation of Turing Test from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Acting Humanly
Turing Test Approach

• Skills necessary to pass these

tests

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Acting Humanly
Turing Test Approach

Some Definitions of AI:

“The art of creating machines that perform functions that

require intelligence when performed by people.” (Kurzweil,
1990)

“The study of how to make computers do things at which, at

the moment, people are better.” (Rich and Knight, 1991)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Thinking Humanly
Cognitive Modelling Approach

• How do we capture human thinking to implement?

○ Introspection
○ Psychological Experiments
○ Brain Imaging

• System : “General Problem Solver” (Newell and Simon, 1961)

○ Designed to work as a universal problem solver
○ Problems represented by horn clauses
○ First AI Machine which has KB + Inference separation
○ Authors focus on this is on comparing the trace of its reasoning
steps to traces of human subjects solving the same problems

• Growth of Cognitive science and AI supports each other

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Thinking Humanly
Cognitive Modelling Approach

Some Definitions of AI:

“The exciting new effort to make computers think . . . machines

with minds, in the full and literal sense.” (Haugeland, 1985)

“[The automation of] activities that we associate with human

thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning . . .” (Bellman, 1978)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Thinking Rationally
“Laws of Thought” Approach

• Invention of Formal Logic, Greek Philosopher Aristotle, Third

century BC.
• Introduced syllogisms, providing argument structures

In all boring classes, students sleep

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 Thinking Rationally
“Laws of Thought” Approach

• Invention of Formal Logic, Greek Philosopher Aristotle, Third

century BC.
• Introduced syllogisms, providing argument structures

In all boring classes, students sleep

It is a boring class

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Thinking Rationally
“Laws of Thought” Approach

• Invention of Formal Logic, Greek Philosopher Aristotle, Third

century BC.
• Introduced syllogisms, providing argument structures

In all boring classes, students sleep

It is a boring class
Students sleep in this class [ Are you ? ]

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Thinking Rationally
“Laws of Thought” Approach

• Invention of Formal Logic, Greek Philosopher Aristotle, Third century BC.

• Introduced syllogisms, providing argument structures

In all boring classes, students sleep

It is a boring class
Students sleep in this class [ Are you ? ]

• Field of Logics gave rise to codifying rational thinking

• When elements are ‘things’, we reason about things

Hurdles to the idea : (1) Not everything can be logically coded (2) no provably
correct action at a moment (3) Exhaustive computational resources
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Acting Rationally
The Rational Agent Approach

• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts

This course is about designing rational agents
• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:
[f: P* → A]
• For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent
(or class of agents) with the best performance
• Computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable
• Design best program for given machine resources

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Definitions

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Passing the Turing Test
Transcript of a chat

EUGINE - a thirteen-year-old Ukrainian boy, chats

JUDGE: Hello.
EUGENE: Hello, I'm really glad to have the chance to chat with you! My guinea pig
Bill sends his regards too!
JUDGE: Is Bill a male or a female?
EUGENE: Ask Bill personally, please.
JUDGE: Well I'd rather talk to you. What is your name?
EUGENE: Call me Eugene. I am glad to talk to you!
JUDGE: My name is Jane and I am female. How about you? What's your gender?
EUGENE: I'm a male. A “guy’ I'd say.
JUDGE: Pleased to meet you Eugene. What's the weather like where you are?
EUGENE: Let's get on with our conversation!
JUDGE: Don't you like talking about the weather?
EUGENE: All these talks about weather is a waste of time.
JUDGE: What would you like to discuss?
EUGENE: I don't know. Better tell me more about yourself!

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Passing the Turing Test

• 2014 - Royal Society ( London ) - Sixteenth Anniversary of Alan

Turing -
• Chabot - Eugene Goostman - Pretended to be a thirteen-year-old
Ukrainian boy
• Passed the turing test for the first time
• 10/30 Judges believed the response is from human

• Turing predicted in 50 years time, computers can be programmed to

play imitation game in which an average interrogator fails to identify
the machine 70% time in a 5 mins questioning
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Where is AI Now?

Interesting current AI application in few domains

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

AI in Transportation

Self driving car

Traffic management

Road condition monitoring

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
AI in Social Media

. Facebook
• Linkedin
• Snapchat

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Gaming

Alpha go game Shooting game

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

AI in health care

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

AI in HealthCare

 Health monitoring
 Cancer detection
 AI robot assisted surgery

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

AI in BFSI ( Banking, Finance , Insurance)

• Fraud detection
• Chatbots
• Sentiment analysis
• Robo advisor

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

AI in Customer Management

starbucks
Starbucks

Sentiment analysis

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Demo / Video Clip

Show social robot Sophia ‘s interaction and/or interesting video

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Areas Contributing to AI

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Philosophy

● Can formal rules be used to draw valid

conclusions?
● How does the mind arise from a physical brain?
● Where does knowledge come from?
● How does knowledge lead to action?

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Philosophy

Aristotle (384–322 B . C .) : first to formulate precise set

of laws to govern rational part of brain

Ramon Lull (d. 1315) : useful reasoning could actually

be carried out by a mechanical artifact

Hobbes (1588–1679) : “we add

and subtract in our silent thoughts.”

Leibniz (1646–1716) : Built a mechanical device

intended to carry out operations on concepts rather than
numbers

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Mathematics

● What are the formal rules to draw valid

conclusions?
● What can be computed?
● How do we reason with uncertain
information?

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Economics

● How should we make decisions so as

to maximize payoff?
Utility / preferred outcomes
Decision theory -Probability & utility
theory
Game theory
● How to make decisions when payoffs
are not immediate?
○ MDP

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Neuro science

How do brains process information?

● Study of the nervous system / brain
● How does brain enables thoughts - Mystery Still
Aristotle , “Of all the animals, man has the largest brain
in proportion to his size”

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Computer science

AI is a subfield of computer science

• Programming language
• Algorithms

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Linguistics

How does language relate to thought?

Verbal Behavior (1957, B. F. Skinner) :
● Behaviorist approach to language learning
● Reviewed by Noam Chomsky
○ criticised lack of notion of creativity in language
Syntactic Structures ( 1957, Noam Chomsky)
● Computational linguistics / natural language processing as a part of AI
○ Understanding a language is realized as more complex than ever
○ Context, subject matter knowledge complicated it further
○ Representing language consumed volume of work done in NLP, in
early times

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Phychology

How do humans and animals think and act?

● Cognitive Psychology - Brain as an

information-processing device
● Two months after the dartmouth workshop, a
workshop in MIT gave birth to Cognitive
Science
○ George Miller, Noam Chomsky, Allen Newell
and Herbert Simon - roles of computer
models to address the psychology of
memory, language, and logical thinking,
issues..

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Control theory,
Cybernetics

Control theory
● Deals with the behaviour of dynamic systems
○ behaviour must ensure the error between the current
state and goal state is minimized

● Cybernetics - Book by Wiener

○ (Norbert Wiener, 1948) : Scientific study of control
and communication in the animal and the machine

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BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Challenges in AI

• Determining the right data set.

• The bias problem
• Infrastructure.
• AI integration.
• Computation.
• Niche skillset.
• Expensive and rare

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

What is aI and Not AI

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Required Reading: AIMA - Chapter # 1.1

Thank You for all your Attention

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Note : Some of the slides are adopted from AIMA TB materials BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus