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Introduction To Computer Organization and Architecture-1

1. The document introduces computer organization and architecture, explaining that organization deals with how hardware components operate and connect, while architecture deals with the structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the user. 2. It describes the functional entities of a computer system as the hardware and software, with software being the instructions and data manipulated by the hardware. 3. The main components of a general purpose computer are outlined as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and buses for communication between components.

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Dinesh Kumar
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72 views

Introduction To Computer Organization and Architecture-1

1. The document introduces computer organization and architecture, explaining that organization deals with how hardware components operate and connect, while architecture deals with the structure and behavior of the computer as seen by the user. 2. It describes the functional entities of a computer system as the hardware and software, with software being the instructions and data manipulated by the hardware. 3. The main components of a general purpose computer are outlined as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and buses for communication between components.

Uploaded by

Dinesh Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computer

Organization and Architecture


Introduction
• Computer Organization – deals with how hardware
components operate and how they are connected together.
Components are assumed to be in place and task is to verify
whether components operate as intended.

• Computer Architecture - deals with structure and behavior


of the computer as seen by user. It includes instruction
formats, instruction set and techniques for addressing
memory. Concerned with specification of various functional
modules like processor, memory, and structuring them
together into a computer system.
Functional Entities
A computer system is subdivided into two functional entities:
• Hardware of the computer consists of all the electronic
components that comprise the physical entity of the device.
• Software consists of the instructions and data that the
computer manipulates to perform various data-processing
tasks.

A sequence of instructions for the computer is called a


program.
Components of a General
Purpose Computer
H/W of a computer is divided into four parts:-
1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains an arithmetic
and logic unit (ALU) for manipulating data, a number of
registers for storing data, and control circuits for fetching
and executing instructions.

2. The memory of computer contains storage for


instructions and data. It is called a Random Access
Memory (RAM) because the CPU can access any location
in memory at random and retrieve the binary
information within a fixed interval of time.
Components of a General
Purpose Computer (Cont...)
3. The input and output devices connected to the computer
are for communicating and controlling the transfer of
information between the computer and the outside
world.

4. The system components such as CPU, main memory and


I/O devices communicate via buses. It is through them
that data is moved to and from between the various
components.
Von-Neuman Architecture
• Von-Neumann proposed his computer architecture
design in 1945 which was later known as Von-Neumann
architecture.
• It consisted of a Control Unit, Arithmetic and Logical Unit
(ALU), Registers and Inputs/Outputs.
• It is based on the stored-program computer concept,
where instruction data and program data are stored in
the same memory.
• This design is still used in most computers produced
today.
Von-Neuman Architecture
•  current instruction register (CIR) is the part of a 
CPU's control unit that holds the instruction
currently being executed or de-coded. In simple
processors, each instruction to be executed is
loaded into the instruction register.
• A program counter (PC) is a CPU register in the
computer processor which has the address of the
next instruction to be executed from memory.
• In a computer's central processing unit (CPU),
the accumulator is a register in which
intermediate arithmetic logic unit results are
stored.
• the memory address register (MAR) is the CPU
register that either stores the memory address
from which data will be fetched to the CPU, or
the address to which data will be sent and
stored.
• A memory buffer register (MBR) (also known
as memory data register (MDR)) is the register
in a computer's processor, or central
processing unit, CPU, that stores the data
being transferred to and from the immediate
access storage.
Characteristics of Von-Neuman
Architecture
A Von-Neumann based computer:
1. Uses a single processor
2. Uses one memory for both instructions and data
3. Executes program following the fetch-decode-execute
cycle.
Von-Neuman Bottleneck
• The term “Von-Neumann Architecture” has evolved to
mean any stored-program computer in which an instruction
fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time
because they share a common bus.
• This is referred to as Von-Neumann bottleneck and often
limits the performance of the system.
• This is because the single bus can only access one of the
two classes of memory at a time; throughput is lower than
the rate at which the CPU can work.
Von-Neuman Bottleneck (Cont...)
• This seriously limits the effective processing speed when
the CPU is required to perform minimal processing on large
amounts of data.
• The CPU is continually forced to wait for needed data to
move to or from memory.
• Since CPU speed and memory size have increased much
faster than the throughput between them, the bottleneck
has become more of a problem.
Possible Solutions for Von-Neuman
Bottleneck
There are two possible solutions for the Von-Neuman
Bottleneck problem:-
• Introducing a small and fast Cache memory between CPU
and RAM.
• Separate Caches or data paths for data and instructions.
Practice Questions
Q1. List and briefly define the four main components of a
general purpose computer. (AKTU 2015 – 2016)

Q2. Describe Von Neuman Architecture in detail.

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