Somali Reginal Television

(SRTV )
DSNG and Earth Station Training Course
Training given by : Abiyot Zenebe
Place of training : Jigjiga SRTV
Date of training given: from 5-09-2011 to 9-09-2011
Training Modules:
1. Introduction to communication system
2. Microwave communication system
3. Satellite communication system
3.1 Basic satellite communication system
3.2 Satellite earth station system
Transmitter side on equipment needed :
Professional Encoder

Professional Modulator

HPA (High power amplifier)

HPA controller device application ….etc

List of equipment for earth station transmition used

Receiver side equipment needed :

Professional decoder

How to use Digital promax receiver

How to find free channels from satellite by using dish .

List of equipment for reception satellite used

1. Introduction to communication system
Main purpose of communication is to transfer
information from a source to a recipient via a
channel or medium.
In a communication system, a message must be
converted into a signal before it can be transmitted in
the transmission channel.
1.1 Block diagram of a communication system
 Input  Transmitted
 messag
signal signal
So e
Trans Trans
urc ducer mitter
e
 Noise,
distortion
Cha
nne
l
Desti  Output Trans  Output

nation message
ducer signal
Recei
 Received signal
ver
Information Source: Audio, image, text, data
Input Transducer: Converts source to electric signal eg.
Microphone ,Camera Keyboard
Output Transducer: Converts electric signal to useable form : eg.
Speaker ,Monitor
Transmitter: Converts electrical signal into form suitable for
channel :Modulator, Amplifier
Basic digital communications system
Classes of transmission media
GUIDED MEDIA
Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit
from one device to another, include:
Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS
Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without
using a physical conductor. This type of communication
is often referred to as wireless communication.
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Radio waves
Radio waves are used for multicast communications,
such as radio and television systems.
They can penetrate through walls.
Highly regulated. Use omni directional antennas
Microwaves
Microwaves are used for unicast communication
such as cellular telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls.
Use directional antennas - point to point line of
sight communications.
2. Microwave communication system
A microwave link is a communications system that
uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave
frequency range to transmit video, audio, or data
between two locations,
which can be from just a few feet or meters to several
miles or kilometers apart.
Microwave communication is line of sight radio
communication
 Microwaves are electromagnetic waves
whose frequencies range from 300 MHz – 300GHz .
(1 MHz = 10 6 Hz and 1 GHz = 10 9 Hz) or
The word Microwave means very short wave,
 which is the shortest wavelength region of the
radio spectrum and a part of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
2.1 Types of Antennas Microwave Communication
Antennas used can be:
Omni-directional-in this case radio power is transmitted
Uniformly in all directions
Such type of antenna are preferred where uniform coverage
is desired such as in cellular systems.

Directional: in case of UHF communication.

Highly directional: in case of microwave communications,

Microwave signals are transmitted in very narrow beam.
2.2 Terrestrial Microwave Commnication
What is Terrestrial Microwave ?
Transmission systems consisting of at least two
radio transmitter/receivers (transceivers) connected to
directional antennas .
which concentrate electromagnetic or radio wave energy in
narrow beams)focused in pairs on each other.
The operation is point-to-point-communications are
established between two and  only two antennas with line-
of-sight visibility.
This can be contrasted to point-to-multipoint systems like
broadcast radio or television.
2.3 Terrestrial Microwave Antennas for Point-To-
Point Communication
Terrestrial microwave antennas generate a beam of
RF signal to communicate between two locations.
Point-To-Point communication depends upon a clear
line of sight between two microwave antennas.
Obstructions, such as buildings, trees or terrain
interfere with the signal.
Depending upon the location, usage and frequency,
different types can be utilized.
Properties of Microwaves
1. Microwave is an electromagnetic radiation of
short wavelength.
2. They can reflect by conducting surfaces just like
optical waves since they travel in straight line.
3. Microwave currents flow through a thin outer
layer of an ordinary cable.
4. Microwaves are easily attenuated within short
distances.
5. They are not reflected by ionosphere
2.3 Microwaves Applications
 Microwaves have a wide range of applications in
modern technology, which are listed below :
Telecommunication: Intercontinental Telephone
and TV, space communication (Earth – to – space
and space – to – Earth), telemetry comm.
 3. Basic satellite communication system
Satellite communication is just one example of wireless
communication systems.
A communications satellite is an orbiting artificial earth
satellite that receives a communications signal from a
transmitting ground station, amplifies and possibly
processes it, then transmits it back to the earth for
reception by one or more receiving ground stations
Familiar examples of wireless systems are all around us, such as
radio and television broadcasting and mobile and cordless
telephones.
One major use of satellites familiar to everyone is satellite
television broadcasting.
Other applications of satellite communications include high
speed internet, telephony and corporate networks for
multinational businesses.
What are satellites used for?
Television broadcasting
 satellite TV (e.g. Sky)

Telephone communications,
 satellite ‘phones (e.g. “Iridium”)

weather forecasting,
 satellite images (visible, infra red, radar)

Internet communications
scientific research,
 climate monitoring, global disaster monitoring, ….

Global Positioning System

 GPS  satellite navigation (‘SatNav’)
 satellite tracking, security
Satellite Maps
How do Satellites Work
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through
radio broadcast but are too far away to use conventional
means.
The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for
their communication
One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite.
This is called a Uplink.
The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it
down to the second earth station.
This is called a Downlink.
 Uplinks and downlinks
If you want to send something like a TV broadcast
from one side of Earth to the other, there are three
stages involved.
First, there's the uplink, where data is beamed up to the satellite from a
ground station on Earth.
Next, the satellite processes the data using a number of onboard
transponders (radio receivers, amplifiers, and transmitters).
 These boost the incoming signals and change their frequency, so incoming
signals don't get confused with outgoing ones.
 Different transponders in the same satellite are used to handle different TV
stations carried on different frequencies.
Finally, there's the downlink, where data is sent back down to another
ground station elsewhere on Earth.
 Although there's usually just a single uplink, there may be millions of
downlinks, for example, if many people are receiving the same satellite TV
signal at once.
 The Transponder
 A device that receives, amplifies and re-transmits signals on a
different frequency is called transponder .
 The transponder is the key component for satellite
communications:
 It is the part of the payload that takes the signals received from
the transmitting Earth station,
 filters and translates these signals and
 then redirects them to the transmitting antenna on board.
 A Transponder typically consists of:
 An input band pass filter
 An LNA
 a frequency translator
 an output band pass filter
 a power amplifier TX RX
Foot Prints
The footprint of a satellite is the term used to describe the area
of the earth illuminated by the satellite beam
To access a satellite requires ‘line of sight’ commnication the
receiver (satellite dish) must be in the satellite’s ‘footprint’
Satellites can cover massive areas of the Earth's surface and this
area is called a satellite's footprint.
The further from the Earth a satellite is the larger its foot print.
Satellite Footprint
Azimuth & Elevation Angles
Azimuth is the axis of angular rotation
Elevation is the Angle with respect to the horizon
Elevation
Satellite orbits
Three different types of satellite orbits:
 „GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) at 36,000 kms
above earth’s surface.
 „LEO (Low Earth Orbit) at 500-1500 kms above earth’s
surface.„
 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) at 6000-20000 kms above
earth’s surface.„
Different Satellite Orbits
Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the
earth at the same speed as the earth rotates. This
means GEO satellites remain in the same position
relative to the surface of earth
How does satellite transmit and receive signal from earth to
satellite?
 Ok, there are 4 main pieces of equipment needed for satellite
communications.
The dish, antenna, is composed of reflector & feed horn.
The reflector is the dish and the feed horn is the portion of
the arm directed at the dish.
The other parts are called the BUC, LNB and the modem and
I will go over each piece individually.
The word modem is actually an abbreviation for
Modulator/Demodulator.
 It is also programed with the transmit and receive frequencies
The BUC, or Block Up Converter, is part of the uplink side
Uplink meaning from earth to satellite.
The BUC puts the 70MHz signal on a "carrier" frequency
which is an SHF (super high frequency) signal.
SHF is the frequency range in which satellites operate on
(3GHz to 30GHz).
The LNB, or Low Noise Block converter, is part of the
downlink side (satellite to earth).
Since the antenna receives all the frequencies its
satellite is transmitting, you need a filter.
The LNB only lets through the block of frequencies you
need.
 So here's the signal flow starting from earth.
I'll use a satellite earth system ,starting from Information is passed
through cable encoder, then to the MODEM.
The MODEM then transfers the its signal to the BUC.
From the BUC it goes into the FEED HORN which shoots the signal
at the REFLECTOR, which in bounces off of towards the satellite.
From the satellite, signal comes back down, bounces off the
REFLECTOR and is absorbed by the FEED HORN.
It then goes through the LNB, back to the MODEM where that block
of frequencies is filtered down to the one frequency you need and
converts it back to binary(0010110).
From the MODEM it goes back through the router to your computer.
This is just one type of a satellite system.
If you would like to know others like TV, satellite radio, or military
communications you can ask me specifics.
Advantages of Satellite Communication
The advantages of satellite communication over
terrestrial communication are:
 The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a
terrestrial system.
 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the
distance from the center of the coverage area.
 Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
 Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
Disadvantages of Satellites
The disadvantages of satellite communication:
 Launching satellites into orbit is costly.
 Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.
 There is a larger propagation delay in satellite
communication than in terrestrial communication
Basics: Factors in satellite communication
Elevation Angle: The angle of the horizontal of the earth surface
to the center line of the satellite transmission beam.
 This effects the satellites coverage area. Ideally, you want a elevation angle of
0 degrees, so the transmission beam reaches the horizon visible to the
satellite in all directions.
 However, because of environmental factors like objects blocking the
transmission, atmospheric attenuation, and the earth electrical background
noise, there is a minimum elevation angle of earth stations.
Other impairments to satellite communication:
 The distance between an earth station and a satellite (free space loss).
 Satellite Footprint: The satellite transmission’s strength is strongest in the
center of the transmission, and decreases farther from the center as free
space loss increases.
 Atmospheric Attenuation caused by air and water can impair the
transmission. It is particularly bad during rain and fog.
Frequency
L-band
Bands
L band refers to the operating frequency range of 1–2 GHz in the
radio spectrum.
The wavelength range of L band is 30–15 cm.
The L band is one of the chief operating ranges used by various
applications such as radars, GPS, radio, telecommunications
and aircraft surveillance.
C-band
 C Band is the original frequency allocation for communications
satellites.
 C-Band uses 3.7-4.2GHz for downlink and 5.925-6.425Ghz for uplink.
 It uses large (2.4- 3.7 meter) antennas.
 Larger antennas; Wide beams, Lower power.
Ku-band
 Widely used frequency band.
 FSS, 14 GHz up – 12 GHz down.
 Smaller antennas compared to C-band.
 Higher directivity.
 Smaller coverage area.
 More power.
 Smaller Earth-Station antennae.
 Ku-Band is most commonly used for satellite TV and is used for most VSAT systems
on yachts and ships today. 
 There is much more bandwidth available in Ku -Band and it is therefore less
expensive that C or L-band.
 The main disadvantage of Ku-Band is rain fade.
 The wavelength of rain drops coincides with the wavelength of Ku-Band causing the
signal to be attenuated during rain showers.
 This can be overcome by transmitting extra power but this of course comes with a
cost as well.
Ka-band
World-wide deployment ongoing.
 30 GHz up – 20 GHz down.
 Smaller antennas compared to Ku-band.
 Higher directivity.
 Even smaller coverage area (spot beams).
 More power.
 even smaller Earth-Station antennae.
 
Understanding the Difference Between C-Band KU-Band Frequencies
C band
This is a typical C band frequency:4103MHZ
Characteristics of C band frequencies
They only have four digits.
 You can count them literally.
The C band frequency range is 3.7 – 4.2 GHz (GHz stand for
Gigahertz).
Because of the low frequencies, C band waves have longer
wavelengths.
Since we are talking bigger wavelengths, then a bigger dish is
required to receive such frequencies.
Prime focus dishes are used to receive C band frequencies.
The smallest commercially available Prime focus dish is 1.8 metres.
Ku Band
This is a typical Ku band frequency :12522MHZ
Characteristics of Ku band frequencies
They have five digits, one more than C band frequencies.
This is the most noticeable difference.
The Ku band frequency range is 10.7 – 12.2 GHz)
Notice how these frequencies are higher than the C band frequency
range.
Because of the higher frequencies, Ku band waves have shorter
wavelengths.
Shorter wavelengths mean that you need a smaller dish to receive these
frequencies.
Offset dishes are used to receive Ku band frequencies.
The smallest commercially available Offset dish is only 65cm in diameter.
Although you can even get a 30 cm dish. That’s the length of a primary
school pupil’s ruler.
Common BUC LO frequency
In the case of a Ku band BUC, the LO is normally
13.05 GHz so an L band input at 1 GHz comes out at
14.050 GHz.
In the case of a C band BUC, LO frequencies of 4.9
and 7.375 GHz are used.
Bands
The Earth Station
Earth station is the common name for every installation located on

the Earth's surface and intended for communication (transmission
and/or reception) with one or more satellites.
Earth stations include all devices and installations for satellite

communications:
Handheld devices for mobile satellite telephony,

Briefcase satellite phones,
Satellite TV reception, as well as installations that are less familiar,

eg VSAT stations and satellite broadcast TV stations.
The term Earth station refers to the collection of equipment that is

needed to perform communications via satellite: the antenna (often
a dish) and the associated equipment (receiver/decoder,
transmitter).
System Components and Properties
 Earth Station Components
 Earth Station Antennas
 Tracking systems
 LNB / LNA Systems
 Waveguides
 High Power Amplifiers
 Block Up-converters
 Block Down-converters
 Modulators / Demodulators
 Encoders / Decoders
 Redundancy
 Cables & Connectors
 Fiber links
 Monitoring panels
 M&C Systems
LNA / LNB ( Low Noise Block )
The LNB is a combination of low-noise amplifier,
frequency mixer, local oscillator and
intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier.
It receives the microwave signal from the
satellite collected by the dish, amplifies it, and
down converts the block of frequencies to a lower
block of intermediate frequencies (IF).
Currently satellite broadcasts use two different
frequency bands:
 C-Band with a frequency range from 3.7 to 4.2GHz &
LO frequency =5150MHZ
 Ku-Band, which is divided in a low band from
10700MHz to 11700MHz (Lo: 9750 MHz) and a high
band from 11700MHz to 1275MHz (Lo: 10600MHz).
Lo = Local Oscillation
 The satellite signal is reflected from the dish to the
Freed-Horn and from there directed to the LNB (Low
Noise Block Down Converter).
HPA ( High Power Amplifier )
HPAs are used to amplify the small signals to
power levels necessary to reach a satellite.
They can be either:
Solid State (SSPA).
Travelling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTA).
 Klystron Amplifiers.
 
Up-Convertors
Once the data has been modulated onto a carrier
signal, it occupies a range of Frequencies centered
around the carrier signal.
The carrier signal is then mixed with one or more
Local Oscillators (LO) so that the signal is now
centered in the transmission frequency band.
The signal is also filtered to remove unwanted mix
frequencies and noise from outside the desired
bandwidth.
 Once the data has been modulated onto a carrier signal, it
occupies a range of frequencies centered around the carrier signal.
The carrier signal is then mixed with one or more Local Oscillators
(LO) so that the signal is now centered in the transmission
frequency band.
 The signal is also filtered to remove unwanted mix frequencies and
noise from outside the desired bandwidth.
From IF to L-Band / RF
From L-Band to RF band Block up-converter
 C-Band, Ku-Band,DBS-Band,Ka-Band
Common BUC LO frequency:
 C-Band : 4900MHZ , 7375MHZ
 KU-Band : 10GHZ , 12.8GHZ , 13.05GHZ
Modulators
 DVB-S / DVB-S2
 Max Baud rate 5 / 15 / 30 / 45
 Supported Modulation Schemes
 QPSK / 8PSK / 16APSK / 32APSK
 Input interface
 ASI and/or Ethernet
 Output interface
 L-Band and/or IF Band
 L-Band and RF (C / Ku / DBS)
 Supported DVB-S2 modes
 CCM / VCM / ACM
Encoders \ Decoders
An Encoder is a device, that converts information from one
format or code to another, for the purposes of
standardization, speed or compression.
At the broadcast center, the high-quality digital stream of
video goes through an MPEG encoder,
which converts the programming to MPEG-4 video of the
correct size and format for the satellite receiver in your
house.
Encoding works in conjunction with compression to analyze
each video frame and eliminate redundant or irrelevant data
and extrapolate information from other frames.
 This process reduces the overall size of the file.
Standards of Compression
Satellite TV uses a special type of video file compression standardized by
the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG).
With MPEG compression, the provider is able to transmit significantly
more channels.
All MPEG standards exist to promote system interoperability among your
computer, television and handheld video and audio devices. They are:
MPEG-1: the original standard for encoding and decoding streaming video
and audio files.
MPEG-2: the standard for digital television, this compresses files for
transmission of high-quality video. With MPEG-2, the TV provider can
reduce the 270-Mbps stream to about 5 or 10 Mbps (depending on the type
of programming).
MPEG-4: the standard for compressing high-definition video into smaller-
scale files that stream to computers, cell phones and PDAs (personal digital
assistants).
Difference Between SD and HD
 HD of High Definition is a term that is most often used to
describe TV sets and videos that have higher resolutions
compared to the standard.
 To understand both HD and SD it is imperative to see how these
specifications contrast.
 There are three key differences between SD and HD:
resolution, aspect ratio, and progressive VS interlaced
scanning.
 HD contains a lot more pixels compared to SD
 HD creates finer images compared to SD
 HD video must be played in an HD display to get the HD
experience
 SD is still the most prominent format especially in TV
broadcasting
Polarization
Polarization generally just means “orientation.”
Wave polarization occurs for vector fields.
 Light can be described as an electromagnetic wave
that, like radio waves, propagates via a sinusoidal
oscillation of an electric field.
 The direction in which the electric field oscillates
as it propagates is known as the polarization
Polarization types
 Linear polarization
 Vertical (V )=13V
 Horizontal (H)=18V
 Circular polarization
 Right hand circular (RHC)
 Left hand circular (LHC )
 If the Power Supply voltage is 13 volts, the LNB will
respond to and receive only Vertically Polarized
transmissions.
If the Power supply Voltage 18 volts, the LNB will respond
to & receive only horizontally polarized transmissions.
What kind of polarization is required for satellite
communication?
Generally, for satellite communication circular polarization
is required. But, my doubt is can't we use linear polarization
for satellite communication (within the satellite).
It can be linearly polarized, however, it is preferable to have
circular polarization because:
 "An electromagnetic wave transmitted from a satellite-
communication antenna to an earth station antenna has a
specific feature -- polarization which is an electric-field
vector orientation relative to the Earth.
 Thus, a satellite signal is also distinguished by the type of
signal polarization in addition to the frequency range
 When a linear polarization takes place, an electric-field vector
oscillates in the vertical or horizontal plane.
 Accordingly, there is a vertical (V) and horizontal (H) linear
polarization.
 The horizontal polarization signal is transmitted to a satellite-
communication antenna in a horizontal plane, and the vertical
polarization signal is transmitted vertically.
 If an electric-field vector constantly changes its orientation and the
angle of rotation, such polarization is called a rotatable or circular
polarization.
 Thereby a circular polarization is characterized by high speed of
clockwise and reverse rotation of a signal.
 Fields of clockwise and reverse rotation are distinguished depending
on the direction of the vector rotation."
Polarization Use
To use the channels that are available for satellite
broadcast as efficiently as possible, both
polarizations (V and H or RHCP and LHCP) can be
applied simultaneously per channel or frequency.
The Transponders of a opposite polarizations of
satellite are slightly overlapping to prevent possible
interference.
Polarization in Antennas
Antenna with 2-port Feed
Transmit in 1 polarization.
Receive in opposite polarization.
Antenna with 4-port Feed (2 x TX, 2 x RX).
With dual polarization frequency re-use, the same
antenna can transmit (receive) simultaneously two
carriers with orthogonal polarization (linear V&H
or circular LH & RH) in the same frequency.
The Antenna
Antennas that receive the original signal from
the transmitting Earth station and re-
transmit this signal to the receive stations on
Earth.
The antennas that were used in the past to do
this were omni-directional (transmitting signals
in every direction) and not very effective.
They were replaced by more efficient high-gain
antennas (most often dish shaped) pointing
quite precisely towards the areas they were
servicing.
Rain fade
Above 10 GHz rain and other disturbances can have a
severe effect on reception
This can be countered by using larger receiver dishes
so moderate rain will have less effect
In severe rainstorms reception can be lost
In some countries sandstorms can also be a problem
Fly Away Antenna System
Equipment needed in FlayAway Antenna System
System
 Encoders
 Modulators
 Antenna controller
 Power controller
 Decoder
Antena parts
 HPA
 Wave guide
 Horn
 Dish
 L -band Cables ,power cables
 LNB
How can Receive free channels from satellite
In some places around the world, people can receive
encrypted Free to Air satellite channels through the
UHF and VHF band.
 The channels transmitted through Free to Air
satellite are received by utilizing a common MPEG-
2 video compatible satellite receiver.
satellite receiver : like decoder, digital satellite meter
Material used for satelite recived signal: Lyngsat,
Satlex Digital Technology Calculatore AZ/EL
calculator
Lyngsat
 Open Google and type :NSS 12 at 57.0°E – LyngSat
SatLex Digital :: Technology :: Calculators :: AZ/EL Calculator

Open Google and type :Lyngsat, Satlex Digital

Technology Calculatore AZ/EL calculator
Digital Satellite Finder Devices
Parameters :Freq , SR , FEC, Pol, C/N
Block Upconverter (BUC) Transmit Frequency Conversions
The Block Upconverter (BUC) is responsible for the transmission of the desired carrier
at the correct TX frequency.
It takes the L-Band input from the modem and upconverts it to Ku-Band using a local
oscillator (LO) inside the BUC.
The purpose of a local oscillator is to convert a desired frequency, either up or down,
from one band to another
Downconversion - Ku-Band + LO = L-Band
Upconversion - L-Band + LO = Ku-Band

The BUC is a single conversion system which is frequency inverting. This means that the
higher the L-Band frequency the lower the transmit RF frequency.

Ku-Band requires only one LO frequency to cover the full Ku-Band frequency plan. This
LO Frequency is 15.450 GHz. Note that this LO frequency is above the entire TX Band
(14.0 – 14.5 GHz). That is why the frequencies are inverted

To calculate the required modem IF frequency for a given RF frequency:

frequencyIF = frequencyLO – frequencyRF
Following are frequency conversion calculation examples.
Receive Frequency -
Calculate the L-Band receive frequency to be entered in the Comtech modem to
receive the transmitted Ku-Band frequency.
First – Convert the Transmit Ku-band frequency to the Receive Ku-Band frequency.
Do this by subtracting the satellite translation value from the TX Ku-Band frequency.
The satellite translation value is 2300 MHz
Transmit Ku-Band Frequency - Translation Value = Receive Ku-Band
Frequency
14436.215 MHz - 2300 MHz = 12136.215 MHz
Next – Subtract the LNB LO frequency from the Receive Ku-Band Frequency to
determine the correct Receive L-Band Frequency.
The LO frequency of the LNB is 10750.000 MHz
frequencyIF = frequencyRF – frequencyLO
frequencyIF = 12136.215 MHz - 10750 MHz
frequencyIF = 1386.215 MHz
Following are frequency conversion calculation examples

Transmit Frequency -
 Calculate the L-Band transmit frequency to be entered in
the Comtech modem to transmit the correct Ku-Band
frequency.
Required TX Ku-Band Frequency=> 14.436215 GHz
(14436.215 MHz)
BUC LO Frequency=> 15.450 GHz (15450.000 MHz)
frequencyIF = frequencyLO – frequencyRF
frequencyIF = 15450.000 MHz – 14436.215 MHz
frequencyIF = 1013.785 MHz
 THANK YOU!
Comments, suggestions &
Questions ?
To be HD your system
Camera HD
CCU(camera control unit)
Vision mixer HD
VDA= video distributions amplifier
ADA= audio distbution amplifier
Video cable HD
Monitor HD
Format of HD= 720, 1080i /50, 1080P
Format of SD=576,480
Part of television studio
News room
Production control room (PCR)
Video enginring
Vitar tape recorder (VTR) room
Master control room (MCR)
equiphment room