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Unit III: Line Insulators

The document discusses different types of transmission line insulators including pin, suspension, strain, shackle, and stay insulators. It describes their characteristics and uses. Corona discharge is also summarized, explaining what causes it and how it can degrade insulators over time. Methods to reduce corona effects include minimizing voltage stress, using bundled conductors, and increasing conductor spacing and diameter.

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Venkatesh Kumar
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201 views

Unit III: Line Insulators

The document discusses different types of transmission line insulators including pin, suspension, strain, shackle, and stay insulators. It describes their characteristics and uses. Corona discharge is also summarized, explaining what causes it and how it can degrade insulators over time. Methods to reduce corona effects include minimizing voltage stress, using bundled conductors, and increasing conductor spacing and diameter.

Uploaded by

Venkatesh Kumar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit III: Line Insulators

Types - Potential distribution over a string of suspension insulators - Methods of increasing string efficiency. Corona Factors affecting corona - Stress and Sag Calculation Effect of wind and ice - supports at different levels Stringing chart.

ELEMENT OF TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.


i. Step up transformer.

ii. Line support.


iii.Line insulator.

iv.Conductor.
v. Step-down transformer. vi.Protective device. vii.Regulator.

COMPONENTS OF OVER HEAD LINE:-

Conductor

Earth Wire.

Main compOnents of Over head line

Line support

Line Insulator

CHARECTERISTICS OF CONDUCTING MATERIAL:(a) High Conductivity (b) High tensile Strength

(e) Low specific Gravity.

(C) Should not Be brittle

(d) Low cost

CHARECTERISTICS OF INSULATING MATERIAL:-

(a) High (b) High tensile specific resistance Strength

(e) Easily available

(c) High dielectric strength


(d) Should not be porous

*FUNCTION: It provides support to overhead conductor. * SUPPORT AS A: Tower Pole

CHARECTERISTICS OF SUPPORT MATERIAL


(b) HIGH MECHANICAL STRENGTH

(a) LOW WEIGHT

(e) LONG WORKING LIFE

(C)HIGH ACCESSIBILITY

(d) LOW COST

CLASSIFICATION OF POLES:-

Types of poles
Wood Pole
A type Rail pole H type Tubular pole
Steel pole RCC Pole Letasied steel tower

Nero base tower Brode base tower

Single pole

View of tubular Poles.

Transmission line (Steel tower)

Transmission line (Steel tower)

Transmission line (Steel tower)

Introduction
Transmission line insulators are devices used to contain, separate or support electrical conductors on high voltage electricity supply networks. Transmission insulators come in various shapes and types, including individual or strings of disks, line posts or long rods. They are made of polymers, glass and porcelain-each with different densities, tensile strengths and performing properties in adverse conditions.

Types
(A) Pin type Insulator.

(C) Strain Insulator.

(B) Suspension type Insulator.

(D)Shackle type Insulator.

(E) Egg or Stay Insulator.

TYPES OF INSULATORS USED IN OVERHEAD SYSTEM.


Pin type insulator.

Suspension type insulator.


Strain type insulator.

Shackle type insulator.


Egg or Stay insulator.

Ring type insulator

Pin Type Insulators


Pin type insulators are used for the transmission of lower voltages. A single pin type insulator is used to transmit voltages up to 11 kV (kilovolts) and higher voltages require two-, three- or four-piece pin insulators. They are not economically feasible for 33 kV and higher transmission lines. Pin type insulators are secured with steel or lead bolts onto transmission poles. These are typically used for straight-running transmission lines.

Suspension Type Insulators


Suspension type transmission line insulators suspend and support high voltage transmission lines. They are cost effective for higher voltage transmission, typically replacing multiple pin type insulators. Suspension type insulators have a number of interconnected porcelain discs, with each individual unit designed to support a particular voltage. Together, a system of these discs is capable of effectively supporting high voltages. There are three types of suspension insulators: cemented cap suspension insulators; interlinking or Hewlett suspension insulators; and link or core suspension insulators.

Strain Type Insulators


Strain type insulators are horizontally suspended suspension insulators. They are used to handle mechanical stresses and take the pressure off a conductor at the end of a transmission line, at a sharp corner or curve or over long river crossings. Strain insulators are typically used for higher voltage transmissions

Shackle Type Insulators


Shackle type insulators, similar to strain type insulators, are used on sharp curves, end poles and in section poles. However, unlike strain insulators, shackle insulators are designed to support lower voltages. These insulators are single, round porcelain parts that are mounted horizontally or vertically.

Stay Insulators
Stay insulators, also called egg insulators, are primarily used to prevent stay wires from becoming energized from accidentally broken live wires. They, therefore, function to provide insulation between stay clamps and transmission poles. Stay insulators are mounted at a height of at least 3 meters (118 inches) from ground level.

Corona
In energized transmission lines, electric fields around a conductor can become concentrated enough to create an electric discharge. This type of discharge is called a corona and ionizes the air around the conductor. Conductor voltage, shape and diameter as well as scratches, dust and water can affect the conductor's electrical performance and the creation of coronas. Forming on the transmission line, a corona is what occurs when there is energy loss along the line. It can cause a variety of phenomenon. The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an OH transmission line is known as corona.

Electric transmission lines can generate a small amount of sound energy as a result of corona. Corona is a phenomenon associated with all transmission lines. Under certain conditions, the localized electric field near energized components and conductors can produce a tiny electric discharge or corona, that causes the surrounding air molecules to ionize, or undergo a slight localized change of electric charge. Utility companies try to reduce the amount of corona because in addition to the low levels of noise that result, corona is a power loss, and in extreme cases, It can damage system components over time. Corona occurs on all types of transmission lines, but it becomes more noticeable at higher voltages (345 kV and higher). Under fair weather conditions, the audible noise from corona is minor and rarely noticed. During wet and humid conditions, water drops collect on the conductors and increase corona activity. Under these conditions, a crackling or humming sound may be heard in the immediate vicinity of the line.

The presence of corona can reduce the reliability of a system by degrading insulation. While corona is a low energy process, over long periods of time, it can substantially degrade insulators, causing a system to fail due to dielectric breakdown. The effects of corona are cumulative and permanent, and failure can occur without warning. Corona causes: Light Ultraviolet radiation Sound (hissing, or cracking as caused by explosive gas expansions) Ozone Nitric and various other acids Salts, sometimes seen as white powder deposits Other chemicals, depending on the insulator material Mechanical erosion of surfaces by ion bombardment Heat (although generally very little, and primarily in the insulator) Carbon deposits, thereby creating a path for severe arcing

Methods to reduce Corona Discharge Effect:


Corona can be avoided By minimizing the voltage stress and electric field gradient. Using Bundled Conductors Elimination of sharp points By increasing the spacing between the conductors By increasing the diameter of the conductor

Advantages: 1. it prevents conductor from electrical surges 2. it increases virtual diameter hence conductor can carry more current 3. corona discharge is used in photo copier and laser printers

Disadvantages

Critical disruptive voltage: It is the minimum phase to neutral voltage at which corona occurs.
Potential gradient b/w two conductor is

Visual critical voltage:

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