IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST

BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL.

CE-206 Engr. Ateeq Ur Rauf 1

 Fluid Mechanics-II
(CE-330)

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf

Department of Civil Engineering,

U.E.T Peshawar (Bannu Campus)
CE-206 Engr. Ateeq Ur Rauf 2
Fluid Mechanics-II
Lecture # 5

Lecture # 5

“Piping Networks”

3
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Single-Pipe Flow
 It is the fluid flowing along only one pipe between two points.
 A given design of single-pipe flow problem can be designed
or evaluated using the following governing equations;

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problems faced when dealing with single pipe flow

 Determining the Head loss when the pipe length and diameter
are given for a specified velocity (Type - 1 Problem)

 Determining the flow rate when the pipe length and diameter
are given for a specified head loss (Type - 2 Problem)

 Determining the pipe diameter when the pipe length and flow
rate are given for a specified head loss (Type - 3 Problem)

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Determining the Head loss when the pipe length and diameter
are given for a specified velocity (Type - 1 Problem)

 Its energy loss through out the pipe length during the flow.

Problem
Needed, when deciding about the height of water levels to be
maintained or comparing efficiencies of pipes in terms of
energy consumed etc.

Solution
Head loss can be determined using the Moody chart or
Darcy-Weisbach Equation.

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Chart for Friction Factor

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Peshawar(Bannu Campus) 6
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Determining the flow rate when the pipe length and diameter
are given for a specified head loss (Type - 2 Problem)
Problem
Occurs when dealing with distribution of water in a community or
operating a certain plant like water treatment plant. Flow rate is
needed for known pipe diameter.

Solution
Friction factor is assumed for completely turbulent flow region for the
given roughness, when Reynolds numbers are larger.

Once the flow rate is obtained (continuity equation), the friction

factor can be corrected using the Moody chart
.
Repeating of process (iterative method) until the head loss for the
assumed friction factor get equals to the specified head loss and the
desire. Attained flow rate. Department of Civil Engineering, UET, 8
Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Determining the pipe diameter when the pipe length and flow
rate are given for a specified head loss (Type - 3 Problem)
Problem
•Occurs to determine the most optimum cost of the project.
When, the diameter is not known, Reynolds number and the
relative roughness cannot be calculated.

Solution
•Assume pipe diameter. The pressure drop calculated for the
assumed diameter is then compared to the specified pressure
drop.
•Repeating of calculations with another pipe diameter (iterative
method) until the pressure drop for the assumed diameter get
equal to the specified pressure drop and thus the desire
diameter of the pipe is attained .
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Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Example # 1: Single-Pipe Flow (Type-1 Problem)

A 20in diameter galvanized iron pipe 2miles long carries 4cfs of
water at 60⁰F. Find head loss. For galvanized iron; take
e=0.0005 ft & at 60⁰F for water, v =1.217x10^-5 sq-ft/sec

Solution
L= 2 miles = 2x 5280 =10560 ft, and e/D = (0.0005(12))/20 = 0.0003,
;

(Haaland Equation)

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Example # 2: Single-Pipe Flow (Type-3 Problem)

A galvanized iron pipe 18000 ft long must convey ethyl alcohol
( v =2.3x10^-5 sq-ft/sec) at a rate of 135gpm. If the friction head
loss must not be more than 215ft. Determine the pipe size
theoretically required. For galvanized iron; e=0.0005 ft,

Solution
Q =135x .002245=0.301 cu-ft/sec
0.002245 cu-ft/sec = 1 USgpm (US Gallon per min)
0.000064 cu-m/s = 1USgpm

Try f=0.0300
and f= 0.0250
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Using MS Excell Sheet , we get

D = 0.343ft = 4.12 in. (designed)

 To find f’ using Haaland equation and compare
it with f from Darcy’s Weigh Bach equation or
using Moody’s chart to determine f’ for Reynold
number and e/D considering D for assumed f.

 It is recommended that you start at f = 0.0300

because it is the mid range value of f as
confirmed on Moody diagram and this value has
been proven to give less number of iterations,
mathematically.
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Example # 3: Application of Single Pipe flow

 Water at 10°C flows from a large reservoir to a smaller one
through a 5-cm-diameter cast iron piping system, as shown.
Determine the elevation z1 for a flow rate of 6 L/s.

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Given Data
Total piping length = L= 80+ 9 = 89 m
Diameter of the pipe = D = 5cm = 0.05m
Elevation of water level from datum at Point - 2 = Z2 = 4m
Discharge through pipe = Q = 6 lit/sec = .006 cu-m/sec
For sharp edged entrance (KL=0.5)
For two standard flanged elbows (KL = 0.3 each),
For a fully open gate valve (KL = 0.2) and
For submerged exit (KL 1.06).
 Required
Elevation of water level
at Point-1 = Z1 = ?

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Points 1 and 2 at the free surfaces of the two reservoirs.

 Noting that the fluid at both points is open to the atmosphere
(and thus P1= P2 = Patm and that the fluid velocities at both
points are zero V1=V2 = 0)
 The energy equation for a control volume between these two
points simplifies to

ΣKL is the total minor losses

co-efficient
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Σ𝐾𝐿=𝐾𝐿 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒+2𝐾𝐿 𝑒𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑤+𝐾𝐿 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒+𝐾𝐿 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡

= 0.5+2 x 0.3+0.2+1.06=𝟐.𝟑𝟔
 For f =? The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 10°C
are ρ=999.7 kg/cu-m and µ=1.307x10^(-3) kg/m-s.
 The roughness of cast iron pipe is e=0.00026 m.

R=ρVD/µ
So the flow is turbulent
Also; e/D=0.00026/0.05=0.0052; from Moody diagram; f =0.0315
Now putting the values in below equation
0.0315 x 89

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Here f x L/D= 56.1, which is about 24 times the total minor loss
coefficient 2.36. So, ignoring the sources of minor losses would
result in about 4 % error.
 The head loss can be reduced significantly if cast iron pipes are
replaced by smooth plastic pipes.
 Also the total head loss can be reduced if the pipe between the
two reservoirs were straight at the ground level (eliminating the
elbows and vertical section of the pipe).
 Try to solve the same problem to
determine head losses if a straight plastic
pipe is used at ground level between the
two reservoirs and compare the results.
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Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf 17
Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Empirical/Non-Rigorous Equations for Single-Pipe flow

‘nm’ is called as manning’s roughness co-efficient.

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Piping Systems/Network
 Piping system in practice are water distribution systems in
cities or commercial or residential establishments involving
parallel and series connections for supply of fluid into the
system and discharging of fluid from the system.

 A piping project involves the design of a new system or the

expansion of an existing system.

 The engineering objective in such projects is to design a

piping system that will deliver the specified flow rates at
specified pressures reliably at minimum total cost.

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Once the layout of the system is prepared, then diameter of the

pipe and the pressures throughout the system are determined.

 The next step is to solve the other issues in system that comes
across repeatedly but within the budget limitations.

 Computer modeling and analysis of such systems make this

tedious task a simple chore.

 Few are, Water-netCAD 2.0, Hidra and WaterNetworks 3.0.

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, 21
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 In practice single pipe systems are being utilized.

 Single pipe flows usages in a water distribution system are:
sprinkling, water lifting from wells, washing, industrial
application etc
 Water Distribution System
 Dead End System: Bifurcated pipe supply
 Grid Iron System: Rectangular grid in x and y direction
 Radial System: Closed loop outward and inward radial
water supply.
 Ring System: Circumferential water supply.
Department of Civil Engineering, UET, 22
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Water Distribution Systems

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5


Basic Principles of Piping Systems
 The analysis of piping network is based on two simple principles:
i) Conservation of mass throughout the system must be
satisfied. i.e. Q inflow =Q outflow at all the junctions for pipes in
series whether the diameter of the pipes changes or not.
ii) Head loss or pressure drop between two junctions must be
the same for all paths between the two junctions. i.e. the
algebraic sum of head losses in a loop (for all loops) is
equal to zero taking head loss positive for flow in the
clockwise direction and negative for flow in the
counterclockwise direction. (hL1 = hL2 = hL)
Department of Civil Engineering, UET, 24
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Pipes in Series & Parallel

Pipes in Series Pipes in Parallel

• General form of Darcy-Weisbach , Manning and Hazen –William
equations n = 2 for Darcy-Weisbach & Manning equation
n = 1.852 for Hazen –William equation

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Pipes in Series
 Pipes of different lengths and different diameters connected
end to end (in series) to form a pipeline.

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Discharge: remains constant through the entire system

regardless of the diameters of the individual pipes in the
system.
Q1 = Q2 = Q3
Head loss: The difference in liquid surface levels is equal to the
sum of the total head loss in the pipes. The total head loss in
this case is equal to the sum of the head losses in individual
pipes in the system, including the minor losses (L/D< 1000).

hL= hL1+ hL2+ hL3

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Pipes in Parallel
 If a main pipe divides into two or more branches and again
join together downstream to form a single pipe, then the
branched pipes are said to be connected in parallel
(compound pipes).

 Total flow rate is the sum of the flow rates in the individual
pipes.
.

 Points A and B are called nodes.

dP = PA - PB Department of Civil Engineering, UET,
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

QQ= =Q1+Q2+Q3
Q1+Q2+Q3 by by
1st 1principle.
st i.e Q inflow
principle. =Q outflow

by 2nd principle

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Branching of Pipes
 The pipe is divided or bifurcated into two or more pipe lines

 The ends are not connected back or brought back to

previous supply lines.

 They are dead ended through stoppers or may be just left for
letting flow of water.

 The mechanism of flow can

be solved, knowing basic
principles of pipe networks.

 Vital role is of continuity

equation.
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 If the water levels in reservoir B & C are below the water level
in the piezometer at the junction J and that of B is between
that of A and C then water will flow into B and C from A;
Q1 =Q2 +Q3

 If the point P is below level of water of A & B and above that

of C then water must flow out of B and A and into C.
Q1 +Q2 =Q3

 This is the use of first

principle or law of
conservation of mass.

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

 Branch Network
 A branch network is Commonly used
for rural water supply. The simplest
one is a radial network consisting of
several distribution mains emerging
out from a common input point.

 The pipe discharges can be obtained A branched network consisting

by adding the nodal discharges and number of radial networks
tracing the path from tail end to the
input point until all the tail ends are
covered.

 The nodal heads can be found by

proceeding from the input point and
adding the head losses in each link
until a tail end is reached.
Department of Civil Engineering, UET,32
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problems

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problem # 1
Two new cast-iron pipes in series connect two reservoirs. Both
pipes are 300 m long and have diameters of 0.6 m(e=.000258)
and 0.4 m(e=.00026), respectively. The elevation of water
surface in reservoir A is 80 m. The discharge of 10˚C water (v =
1.31x10^-6) from reservoir A to reservoir B is 0.5 cumecs. Find
the elevation of the surface of reservoir B. Assume a sudden
contraction at the junction and a square- edge entrance.
Take the entrance from
reservoir A to pipe loss
coefficient Kent = 0.5
Coefficient of contraction, Kc
= 0.21 and entrance from
pipe 2 to reservoir B
coefficient, Kexit = 1,
Department of Civil Engineering, UET,
Peshawar(Bannu Campus) 35
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Solution:

Q1
=
Q2
hL= hL1+ hL2

V1= Q/A1, V2= Q/A2

f1 and f2 from Moody’s Chart for

Re1 and Re2 and e1/D1 & e2/D2
VA=VB= zero

ZB= ZA - hL
Department of Civil Engineering, UET,
Peshawar(Bannu Campus) 36
Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Peshawar(Bannu Campus) 37
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Applying Energy equation between Reservoir A and B

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Peshawar(Bannu Campus) 38
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problem # 2
Two pipes are connected in series respectively 150ft of 2in
diameter (e1 = 0.000006 ft) and 450ft of 8 in diameter (e2 =
0.0009 ft) as shown in the figure. With the total head loss of
30ft, find the flow of 60 ⁰F water. Neglect minor losses
Solution: e1 = 0.000006 ft , e2 = 0.0009 ft
L1/D1 =150 x12/2 =900<1000 and L2/D2 = 675<1000,
We employ basic principles and Rigorous equations.

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

∑KL = 0, as
minor losses
have been
neglected

V2 = V1/16

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

For 60˚F water ,

𝛎 =1.217x10^-5 sq-ft/sec

R1 and R2 are > 2000

Put in eqn (A)

New values of Reynolds number can be determined for new computed velocities and
thus new f1 and f2 from Haaland’s equation. Department of Civil Engineering, UET,
41
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problem # 3
Determine the flow in each pipe and the flow in the main pipe if
Head loss between A & B is 2m & f =0.01. Here Φ =Dia of pipe

Given Data:
Length of pipe 1 = L1 = 25m; Dia of pipe 1 = D1 = 0.04 m
Length of pipe 2 = L2 = 30m; Dia of pipe 2 = D2 = 0.05 m

hf =hf = 2m
1 2

Solution:
Using equation & continuity eqn for both pipes, we get
V1 = 2.506 m/s and Q1 = and
V2 = 2.557 m/s and Q2 = ;
Department of Civil Engineering, UET, 42
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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Solution:

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problem # 4
The following figure shows pipe system from cast iron steel. The
main pipe (a) diameter is 0.2 m with length 4m at the end of this
pipe a Gate Valve is fixed as shown. The second pipe (b) has
diameter 0.12m with length 6.4m, this pipe connected to two
bends R/D = 2.0 and a globe valve. Total Q in the system =
0.26 cumecs at T=10˚C. Determine Q in each pipe at fully open
valves.

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Given Data

Da = 0.2m, La = 4.0m, fa = 0.0185, K for Gate valve = 0.15

Db = 0.12m, Lb = 6.4m, fb = 0.0255, K for bends = 0.19 and
K for Globe valve = 10
Q = 0.26 cumecs

Department of Civil Engineering, UET, 45

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Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Solution:

Designate for
two bends

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

------- (A)

Vb = 1.630 m/s Putting in equation – (A), we get

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problem # 5
Determine the flow rate in each pipe (f=0.032) Also, if the two
pipes are replaced with one pipe of the same length determine
the diameter which give the same flow.

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problem # 6
In the following figure determine the flow in pipe BJ & pipe CJ.
Also, determine the water elevation in tank C

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Given Data
L1 = 1200 m, L2 = 600 m, L3 = 800 m,
D1 = 30cm = 0.3 m, D2 = 20cm = 0.2 m, D3 = 30cm = 0.3 m,
ZA = 40m, ZB = 38m,
Q1 = 0.06 cumecs,
Required
Q2, Q3 and ZC
Solution

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Problem # 7
Find the flow in each pipe for the given data using f =0.01

Department of Civil Engineering, UET,

Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 5

Solution

BC

BC

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Dr. Ateeq ur Rauf Peshawar(Bannu Campus)
Piping Networks
Lecture # 4