COMPUTER MAINTENANCE AND

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

CHAPTER ONE
Basics of Computer Maintenance and
Technical Support
 List of Contents
◉ General concepts about PC and tech support

◉ Lab procedures and maintenance tools

◉ Static energy and its effect on computers

◉ Safety rules

◉ Preventive maintenance and troubleshooting

 Computer Maintenance and Technical Support
◉ It is a mechanism of prevent or repair different types of computer problems using different
mechanism of preventive approaches.

◉ Maintenance means protecting a computer before it fails.

○ Two general categories such as:
■ Rebuild maintenance- refers to the process of updating computer accessories.
■ Incremental maintenance – refers to the process of updating pre computed views
without having to rebuild them.

◉ Troubleshooting is the process of identifying and correcting problems.

 1. General concepts about PC and tech support

◉ Computer systems include hardware, software, and firmware.

○ Hardware is something you can touch and feel.
■ The physical computer and the parts inside the computer are examples of hardware.
○ Software interacts with the hardware.
■ Windows, Linux, OS X, Microsoft Office, Solitaire, Google Chrome, Adobe
Acrobat Reader, and WordPerfect are examples of software.
 Continued…

◉ Without software that allows the hardware to accomplish something, a computer is nothing
more than a doorstop.

◉ Every computer needs an important piece of software called an operating system, which
coordinates the interaction between hardware and software applications.

◉ The operating system also handles the interaction between a user and the computer.
 Continued…

○ Examples of operating systems include DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7,
OS X, and various types of Unix, such as Red Hat and Mandrake.

◉ A device driver is a special piece of software designed to enable a hardware component.

○ The device driver enables the operating system to recognize, control, and use the
hardware component.
 Continued…

◉ Device drivers are, hardware and operating system specific.

○ For example, a printer requires a specific device driver when connected to a computer
loaded with Windows 98.
○ The same printer requires a different device driver when using Windows XP.
 Continued…

◉ Software applications are normally loaded onto the hard drive.

◉ When a user selects an application, the operating system controls the loading of the
application.

◉ The operating system also controls any hardware devices such as:
○ mouse, keyboard, monitor, printer, that must be accessed by the application.
 Continued…

◉ Figure 1.1 shows

how hardware
and software
must work
together.

Figure 1.1 Hardware and software

 Continued…
◉ Firmware combines hardware and software into important chips inside the computer.

◉ It is called firmware because it is a chip, which is hardware, and it has software built into the chip.
○ An example of firmware is the BIOS (basic input/output system) chip.
○ BIOS chips always have software inside them.
○ The BIOS has startup software that must be present for a computer to operate.

BIOS (basic input/output system) is the program a computer's microprocessor uses to start the computer
system after it is powered on.

It also manages data flow between the computer's operating system (OS) and attached devices, such as
the hard disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse and printer.
 ?

◉ Where to start to learn about computer

repair?
 1.1 Hardware Components
◉ The simplest place to start to learn about computer repair is with the hardware components
and their common names.

◉ A computer, sometimes called a microcomputer or a PC, is a unit that performs tasks using
software applications.

◉ Computers come in three basic models:

○ desktop model that normally sits on top of a desk;

○ tower model that sits under a desk; and
○ laptop model, which is portable.
 Continued…
◉ A computer consists of
○ a case (chassis),
○ a keyboard that allows users to provide input into the computer,
○ a monitor that displays information,
○ a mouse that allows data input or is used to select menus and options.

◉ Once the case is removed from the computer, the parts inside can be identified.
 Continued…
◉ The easiest part to identify is the power supply, which is the metal box normally located in a
back corner of the case.

◉ A power cord goes from the power supply to a wall outlet or surge strip.

◉ One purpose of the power supply is to convert the AC voltage that comes out of the outlet to
DC voltage the computer can use.

◉ The power supply also supplies DC voltage to the internal parts of the computer.
 Continued…
◉ A fan located inside the power supply keeps the computer cool, which avoids damage to the
components.

◉ A computer usually has a device to store software applications and files.

◉ Two examples of storage devices are the floppy drive and the hard drive.
 Continued…
◉ The floppy drive allows data storage to floppy disks (sometimes called diskettes or disks) that
can be used in other computers.

◉ Floppy disks store less information than hard drives.

◉ The hard drive, sometimes called hard disk, is a rectangular box normally inside the
computer’s case that is sealed to keep out dust and dirt.

◉ In a desktop computer, the hard drive is normally mounted below or beside the floppy drive.
 Continued…
◉ A CD drive holds disks (CDs) that have data, music, or software applications on them.

◉ A popular alternative to a CD drive is a DVD drive (digital versatile disk drive), which
supports CDs as well as music and video DVDs.

◉ The motherboard is the main circuit board located inside a PC and contains the most
electronics.

◉ Other names for the motherboard include mainboard, planar, or system board.
 Continued…
◉ The motherboard is the largest electronic circuit board in the computer.

◉ Some devices have a cable that connects the device to the motherboard.

◉ Other devices require an adapter.

○ Adapters are electronic circuit cards that normally plug into an expansion slot on the
motherboard.
○ Other names for an adapter are controller, card, controller card, circuit card, circuit board,
and adapter board.
 Continued…

Figure 1.2 Tower computer components

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◉ Memory is an important part of any computer.

◉ Memory chips hold applications, part of the operating system, and user documents.

◉ Two basic types of memory are RAM and ROM.

○ RAM (random access memory) is volatile memory meaning the data inside the chips is
lost when power to the computer is shut off.
○ ROM (read-only memory) is nonvolatile memory because data stays inside the chip even
when the computer is turned off.
 Continued…

Figure 1.3 Motherboard with expansion slots, adapter and

memory
 Continued…
◉ Part of the startup software the motherboard BIOS contains is POST (power on
self test).

◉ POST performs a basic test of the individual hardware components such as the
motherboard, RAM memory chips, keyboard, floppy drive, and hard drive.

◉ When a computer is turned on with the power switch, BIOS executes POST.
○ Numbers appearing in the upper-left corner of the monitor indicate that
POST is checking RAM.
 1.1.1 External Connectivity

◉ A port is a connector on the motherboard or on a separate adapter that allows a

device to connect to the computer.

◉ Sometimes a motherboard has ports built directly into the motherboard.

◉ Motherboards that have ports built into them are called integrated
motherboards.
 Continued…

○ A technician must be able to identify these common ports readily to ensure that
1. the correct cable plugs into the port; and
2. the technician can troubleshoot problems in the right area.

◉ Many port connections are referred to as male or female.

○ Male ports have metal pins that protrude from the connector.
○ Female ports have holes in the connector into which the male cable pins are inserted.
 Continued…
◉ Many connectors on integrated motherboards are either D-shell connectors or DIN connectors.

◉ A D-shell connector has more pins or holes on top than on the bottom, so a cable connected to
the D-shell connector can only be inserted in one direction and not accidentally flipped upside
down.
○ Parallel, serial, and video ports are examples of D-shell connectors.
○ Many documents represent a D-shell connector by using the letters DB, a hyphen, and the
number of pins as DB-9, DB-15….
 Continued…

◉ A DIN connector is round with small holes and is normally keyed.

◉ When a connector is keyed it has an extra metal piece or notch that matches with an extra
metal piece or notch on the cable, and the cable can only be inserted into the DIN connector
one way.
○ Older keyboard and mouse connectors are examples of DIN connectors
 Continued…

Figure 1.4 DIN and D-Shell

connectors
 1.1.2 Video Port
◉ A video port is used to connect a monitor.

◉ Today, there are two types normally seen and they both have three rows.

◉ The older one is a three-row, 15-pin female D-shell.

○ The 15-pin female connector is used to attach VGA, SVGA, XGA, SXGA, or UXGA
monitors
○ Even though it can have different types of monitors attached, it is normally referred to as a
VGA (Video Graphics Array) port.

◉ The newer port is called a DVI port (Digital Visual Interface) and it has three rows of square
holes.

◉ This is used to connect flat panel digital monitors.

 Continued…

◉ Flat panel monitors can also use the

older VGA port.

◉ There are actually different types of

DVI ports.

◉ Some video adapters also allow you to

connect a video device (such as a
television) that has an S-Video port.
Figure 1.5 Video ports
 1.1.3 USB port
◉ USB stands for Universal Serial Bus.

◉ A USB port allows up to 127 devices to transmit at speeds up to 5Gbps (5 billion bits per
second) with version 3.0.

◉ Devices that can connect to the USB port include

○ printers, scanners, mice, keyboards, joysticks, CD drives, DVD drives, tape drives,
floppy drives, cameras, modems, speakers, telephones, video phones, data gloves, and
digitizers.

◉ In order for the computer to use the USB port, it must have a Pentium or higher CPU; and
operating system that supports USB
 Continued…
◉ USB ports and devices come in three versions:
○ Version 1.0 supported speeds of 1.5Mbps and 12Mbps.
○ Version 2.0 increased the supported speed to 480Mbps; and
○ Version 3.0 supports speeds up to 5Gbps.

Figure 1.6 USB ports

 Continued…
◉ Converters are available to convert a USB port to a different type of
connector (or vice versa), such as serial, parallel, or mini-DIN.
◉ A smaller USB port used on small devices such as a USB hub, PDA, digital
camera, and phones is known as a mini-USB port.
◉ There are three types of mini-USB ports: mini-A, mini-B, and mini-AB.

Figure 1.8 Mini-B and a standard A USB

Figure 1.7 Mini-DIN to USB connectors (as well as IEEE 1394 connectors)
converter
 1.1.4 Parallel and serial ports
◉ The parallel port is a 25-pin female D-shell connector used to connect a printer to the
computer.
○ Some motherboards have a small picture of a printer imprinted over the connector.

◉ A serial port (also known as a COM port or an asynchronous (async) port) can be a 9-pin
male D-shell connector or a 25-pin male D-shell connector (on very old computers).
○ Serial ports are used for a variety of devices including mice, external modems,
digitizers, printers, PDAs, and digital cameras.
 1.1.5 IEEE 1394 Port
◉ The IEEE 1394 standard is a serial technology developed by Apple Computer.

◉ Sometimes it is known as FireWire or i.Link, which is a Sony trademark.

◉ IEEE 1394 ports have been more predominant on Apple computers, but are now becoming a
standard port on PCs.

◉ Windows and Apple operating systems support the IEEE 1394 standard.

◉ Speeds supported are 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200Mbps.

◉ As many as 63 devices (using cable lengths up to 14 feet) can be connected with FireWire.
 Continued…
◉ The IEEE 1394 standard supports hot swapping (plugging and unplugging devices
with the power on), plug and play, and powering low-power devices.

Figure 1.9 IEEE 1394 adapter ports Figure 1.10 IEEE 1394 laptop port
 1.1.6 Network ports

◉ Network ports are used to connect a computer to other computers, including a network server.

◉ Two different network adapters, Ethernet and Token Ring, are available, but most networks use
Ethernet ports.

◉ The ports on these adapters can be quite confusing because the connectors are sometimes the same.
○ Ethernet adapters are the most common type of NIC (network interface card/controller).
○ They can have a BNC, an RJ-45, a 15-pin female D-shell connector, or a combination of these
on the same adapter.
 Continued…

◉ Token Ring adapters are not as popular as Ethernet, and they can have two
different connectors: RJ-45 and/or 9-pin female D-shell connectors.

◉ Some adapters have a little green sticker with the numbers 4/16 on it, which
indicates the two speeds, 4Mbps and 16Mbps, at which Token Ring adapters
can run.

◉ The 4/16 sticker is a helpful indicator that the port is a Token Ring port.
 Continued…

Figure 1.11 Ethernet ports Figure 1.12 Token Ring ports

 1.1.6 Modem Ports
◉ A modem connects a computer to a phone line.

◉ A modem can be internal or external.

◉ An internal modem is an adapter that has one or two RJ-11 connectors.

◉ An external modem is a separate device that sits outside the computer and connects to a 9-pin or 25-
pin serial port.

◉ The external modem can also have one or two RJ-11 connectors. The RJ-11 connectors look like
typical phone jacks.
○ The RJ-11 connector labeled Line is for the connection to the wall jack.
○ The RJ-11 connector labeled Phone is for the connection to the phone.
 Continued…

Figure 1.13 Internal modem with two ports

 1.1.7 Docking Station and Port Replicator

◉ Docking stations and port replicators add connectivity and expansion

capability to laptop computers.

◉ A docking station allows a laptop computer to be more like a desktop system.

◉ A docking station can have connections for a full-size monitor, printer,

keyboard, mouse, and printer.

◉ In addition, a docking station can have expansion slots or cards and storage
bays.
 Continued…

◉ The port replicator is similar to a docking station, but does not normally
include an expansion slot or drive storage bays.

◉ The port replicator attaches to the laptop and allows more devices to be
connected, such as an external monitor, keyboard, mouse, joystick, and printer.

◉ To use a port replicator, normally the external devices are connected first.
 Continued…

Figure 1.30 a laptop installed in a docking

station
 1.2 Technical Support

◉ A computer technician must be a jack-of-all-trades:

○ a software expert in various operating systems and applications;
○ a hardware expert in everything ranging from processors to the latest laser
printer;
○ a communicator extraordinaire to handle the occasional irate, irrational, or
computer illiterate customer;
○ a good listener to elicit computer symptoms from customers (and from the
computer);
 Continued…

○ an empathetic counselor to make customers feel good about their

computers and confident in the technician’s skills; and
○ finally, a master juggler of time and priorities.

◉ These skills do not come overnight and not all of them can be taught
○ but a technician can constantly develop and fine-tune each of them.
 Continued…

◉ There is no substitute for experience !!!

 Continued…

◉ Once a technician has a job in the industry, past hands-on time will increase his or
her depth of knowledge and experience.

◉ The classroom is the place to learn the ropes (the basics).

◉ A good technician narrows a problem to a general area, subdivides the problem

into possible culprits, and eliminates the possibilities one-by-one efficiently and
logically.
 Continued…
◉ The best quality a technician can possess is logic.

◉ A technician is like a detective, constantly looking for clues, using common sense
and deductive reasoning, gathering information from the computer and the
computer user, and finally solving the mystery.

◉ Repairing computers is rewarding, but it can be frustrating if you do not

understand the basics.

◉ With good reasoning ability and a good foundation in computer repair, no

problem goes unsolved.
 2. Lab Procedures and Maintenance Tools

◉ Safety guidelines help protect individuals from accidents and injury.

◉ They also help to protect equipment from damage.

◉ Some of these guidelines are designed to protect the environment from

contamination caused by improperly discarded materials.
 2.1 Lab procedures

◉ Basic lab procedures for technicians

○ Work in a safe manner to protect users and equipment.
○ Follow all safety guidelines to prevent injuries to yourself and others.
○ Know how to protect equipment from ESD(Electrostatic Discharge) damage.
○ Know about and be able to prevent power issues that can cause equipment
damage or data loss.
○ Know which products and supplies require special disposal procedures.
 Continued…

○ Familiarize yourself with the MSDS (Material safety data sheet) for safety
issues and disposal restrictions to help protect the environment.
○ Be able to use the correct tools for the task.
○ Know how to clean components safely.
○ Use organizational tools during computer repairs.
 2.2 Maintenance Tools

◉ For every job there is the right tool.

◉ Make sure that you are familiar with the correct use of each tool and that the
correct tool is used for the current task.

◉ Skilled use of tools and software makes the job less difficult and ensures that
tasks are performed properly and safely.

◉ A toolkit should contain all the tools necessary to complete hardware repairs.
 Continued…

◉ Hardware tools are grouped into four categories:

○ ESD tools
○ Hand tools
○ Cleaning tools
○ Diagnostic tools
 Continued…

◉ ESD tools:
○ There are two ESD tools: the antistatic wrist strap and
○ the antistatic mat.
■ The antistatic wrist strap protects computer equipment when
grounded to a computer chassis.
■ The antistatic mat protects computer equipment by preventing
static electricity from accumulating on the hardware or on the
technician.
 Continued…

◉ Hand tools:
○ Most tools used in the computer assembly process are small hand
tools.
○ They are available individually or as part of a computer repair toolkit.
○ Toolkits range widely in size, quality, and price.
 Continued…

Some of the hand tools technician must have are:

• Different screwdrivers
• Tweezers or part retriever
• Needle-nosed pliers
• Wire cutters
• Chip extractor
• Hex wrench set
• Soft, lint-free cloth
• Cable ties
• Electrical tape
 Continued…

• Three-claw component holder

• Wire Stripper
• Crimper
• Punch Down Tool
• Wrap plugs
• Small mirror
• Small dust brush
• Scissors
• Small flashlight
• Pencil or pen
 Continued…
◉ Various specialty tools, such as Torx bits, antistatic bags and gloves, and integrated
circuit pullers, can be used to repair and maintain computers.

◉ Always avoid magnetized tools, such as screwdrivers with magnetic heads, or tools
that use extension magnets to retrieve small metal objects that are out of reach.

◉ Using magnetic tools can cause loss of data on hard drives and floppy disks.
 Continued…

◉ Cleaning tools:
○ Having the appropriate cleaning tools is essential when
maintaining and repairing computers.

○ Using the appropriate cleaning tools helps ensure that computer

components are not damaged during cleaning.
 Continued…

○ Keeping computers clean inside and out is a vital part of a maintenance

program.
○ Dirt can cause problems with the physical operation of fans, buttons, and
other mechanical components.

◉ Note: When using compressed air to clean inside the computer, blow the air
around the components with a minimum distance of 4 inches (10 cm) from the
nozzle. Clean the power supply and the fan from the back of the case.
 Continued…

○ Caution: Before cleaning any device, turn it off and unplug the device
from the power source.
 Continued…

◉ Diagnostic tools:
○ Digital Multimeter
■ It is a device that can take many types of measurements.
■ It tests the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in computer
components.
○ Loopback Adapter
■ tests the basic functionality of computer ports.
■ The adapter is specific to the port that you want to test.
 Continued…

○ Toner Probe
■ It is a two-part tool.
■ The toner part is connected to a cable at one end using specific adapters,
such as an RJ-45, coaxial, or metal clips.
■ The probe part traces the cable.
■ When the probe is in near proximity to the cable to which the toner is
attached, the tone can be heard through a speaker in the probe.
 Continued…

○ External Hard Drive Enclosure

■ The customer hard drive is placed into the external enclosure for
inspection, diagnosis, and repair using a known-working
computer.
 Continued…

◉ Organizational tools:
○ A technician must document all repairs and computer problems.
○ The documentation can then be used as a reference for future problems or
for other technicians who may not have encountered the problem before.
○ The documents can be paper-based, but electronic forms are preferred
because they can be easily searched for specific problems.
 Continued…

○ Organizational tools includes:

■ Personal Reference Tools
● troubleshooting guides, manufacturer manuals, quick reference
guides, and repair journals.
■ Internet Reference Tools
● Internet search engines, News groups, Manufacturer FAQs, Online
computer manuals, Online forums and chat, Technical websites.
 Continued…

◉ Software tools:
○ Software tools help diagnose computer and network problems and
determine which computer device is not functioning correctly.
○ A technician must be able to use a range of software tools to diagnose
problems, maintain hardware, and protect the data stored on a computer.
 Continued…

○ Basic software maintenance tools:

■ FDISK - Creates and deletes partitions on a hard drive. The FDISK
tool is not available in Windows XP, Vista, or 7. It has been replaced
with the Disk Management tool.
■ Disk Management - Initializes disks, creates partitions, and formats
partitions.
■ Format - Prepares a hard drive to store information.
 Continued…

■ Scandisk or CHKDSK - Checks the integrity of files and folders on a

hard drive by scanning the file system. These tools might also check
the disk surface for physical errors.
■ Defrag - Optimizes space on a hard drive to allow faster access to
programs and data.
■ Disk Cleanup - Clears space on a hard drive by searching for files that
can be safely deleted.
 Continued…

■ System File Checker (SFC) - Scans the operating system critical files
and replaces files that are corrupted. Use the Windows 7 boot disk for
troubleshooting and repairing corrupted files. The Windows 7 boot disk
repairs Windows system files, restores damaged or lost files, and
reinstalls the operating system.
● Third-party software tools are also available to assist in
troubleshooting problems.
 Continued…

■ Windows 7 Action Center - Checks the status of essential security

settings.
■ Antivirus program - Protects against virus attacks.
■ Window 7 Firewall - Runs continuously to protect against
unauthorized communications to and from your computer.
■ Antispyware program - Protects against software that sends
information about web surfing habits to an attacker
 3. Static energy and its effect on computers

◉ Static electricity can damage electronic equipment without the

technician’s knowledge.

◉ The average person requires a static discharge of 3,000 volts before he or

she feels it.

◉ An electronic component can be damaged with as little as 30 volts.

◉ Some electronic components may not be damaged the first time static
electricity occurs.
 Continued…

◉ However, the effects of static electricity can be cumulative, weakening or

eventually destroying a component.

◉ An ESD event is not recoverable, nothing can be done about the damage it
induces.

◉ Electronic chips and memory modules are most susceptible to ESD strikes.

◉ Atmospheric conditions affect static electricity.

 Continued…

◉ When humidity is low, the potential for ESD is greater than at any other time.

◉ Keep humidity above 50 percent to reduce the threat of ESD.

◉ A technician can prevent ESD by using a variety of methods.

◉ The most common tactic is to use an antistatic wrist strap.

○ One end encircles the technician’s wrist.
○ At the other end, an alligator clip attaches to the computer.
 Continued…
◉ If an antistatic wrist strap is not available, you can still reduce the chance of ESD
damage.

◉ After removing the computer case, if you are right-handed, place your bare left
arm on the power supply.

◉ Remove the computer parts one by one, always keeping your left elbow (or some
bare part of your arm) connected to the power supply.

◉ If you are left-handed, place your right arm on the power supply.

◉ It is not as safe as using an antistatic wrist strap.

 Continued…

◉ Also, removing the power cable from the back of the computer is a good idea.

◉ Power supplies provide a small amount of power to the motherboard even when
the computer is powered off.

◉ Note: Technicians should not wear an ESD wrist strap when working inside a
CRT monitor because of the high voltages there.
 4. Safety Rules

◉ To protect yourself and the computer, make sure the computer power is off when
disassembling, installing, or removing hardware, or doing preventive maintenance
(cleaning).

◉ Never take the monitor or power supply apart unless you have been specifically
trained on these components.
 Continued…

◉ The power supply and monitor have capacitors (electronic parts that hold an
electrical charge), which can hurt you even if the power has been removed.

◉ Follow the basic laboratory procedures properly.

 5. Preventive maintenance and troubleshooting

◉ Preventive maintenance (PM) is the regular and routine maintenance of equipment and assets in
order to keep them running and prevent any costly unplanned downtime from unexpected
equipment failure.

◉ Preventive maintenance includes certain procedures performed to extend the life of the
computer.

◉ Typical preventive measures include vacuuming the computer and cleaning the floppy drive
heads, CD/DVD laser, keyboard keys, printers, and monitor screen.

◉ Repair companies frequently provide a preventive maintenance kit for service calls.
 Continued…
◉ The kit normally includes:
○ portable vacuum cleaner,
○ special vacuum cleaner bags for laser printers,
○ a can of compressed air,
○ urethane swabs,
○ monitor wipes,
○ lint-free cloths,
○ general purpose cloths,
○ general purpose cleanser,
○ denatured alcohol,
○ mouse ball cleaning kit,
○ an antistatic brush
 Continued…
◉ When performing preventive maintenance, power on the computer to be certain
it operates.

◉ Perform an audio and visual inspection of the computer as it boots.

◉ It is a terrible feeling to perform preventive maintenance on a computer, only to

power it on and find it does not work.

◉ You will wonder if the cleaning you performed caused the problem or if the
computer had a problem before the preventive maintenance.

◉ Once the computer powers up, go into Setup and copy the current settings in
case the battery dies.
 Continued…
◉ Keep this documentation with the computer.

◉ Power off the computer, remove the power cord, and vacuum it with a non-metallic
attachment.

◉ Do not start with compressed air or by blowing dust out of the computer because
the dirt and dust will simply go into the air and eventually fall back into the
computer and surrounding equipment.

◉ If you remove an adapter from an expansion slot, replace it into the same slot.
 Continued…
◉ The preventive maintenance call is the perfect opportunity to check computers for
viruses.

◉ Normally, first you would clean the computer.

◉ Then, while the virus checker is running, you might clean external peripherals,
such as printers.

◉ Preventive maintenance measures help limit computer problems as well as provide

a chance to interact with customers and help with a difficulty that may seem
minuscule, but could worsen.
 Continued…

◉ NOTE: Be careful when cleaning LCD monitors and laptop displays

○ Use one of the following methods:
1. wipes specifically designed for LCDs;
2. a soft lint-free cloth dampened with either water or a mixture of
isopropyl alcohol and water.
● Never put liquid directly on the display and ensure the display is
dry before closing the laptop.
THE END OF CHAPTER ONE