DebreBirhan University – College of Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Instructor: Tesfai Gebrekiristos
E-mail:[email protected]
Cell Phone: 0914794475
Switching and Intelligent Networks [ECEg5284]
Contact Hour: Wednesday 2:30-4:30 AM [Local Time].
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Ch-2: Electronic and Stored Program Control switching System:-
 Electronic Switching System (ESS)
 Stored Program Control (SPC)
Centralized
Standby Mode
 Synchronous Duplex Mode
 Load Sharing Mode
 Distributed
 Vertical Decomposition
Horizontal Decomposition
Need for ESS and/or SPC
 Switching Functions.
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History of Electronic and Stored Program Control Exchanges:
 Early exchanges (Strowger and crossbar switches), were used analog
(electromechanical components) for both switching and control elements without
software control.
 In 1965, Bell system installed the first computer controlled switching system ;
which uses a stored program digital computer for its control functions and SPC
was the enabling technology of electronic switching systems (ESS).
 By the 1980s, SPC technology dominated the telecommunications industry.
 SPC is where a set of instructions to the computer is stored in its memory and
the instructions are executed automatically one by one by the processor
 Computer controlled telephone exchanges are highly tolerant to faults.

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 Electronic and Stored Program Control switching System…
 An electronic switching system (ESS) in telecommunications is a telephone
switch which helps in establishing phone calls with the help of computerized
systems capable of interconnecting telephone circuits and digital electronics.
 Advances in computer technology led to the development of store-program-
control (SPC) that offer a wider range of facilities:
 Ease customization and modification (electronically)
 User control functions such as: call barring, repeat last call,
reminder call, call diversion, three-way call, charge advise, etc.
 In order to increase the efficiency and speed of control and signaling in
switching, the use of electronics was introduced.

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Electronic and Stored Program Control switching System…
The use of computer and, more recently, microprocessor has brought a
revolution in the design and operation of switching systems.
 In modern exchanges, particularly those using SPC, the use of a powerful and
highly reliable computer control all the functions of an exchange.
 All the information used in the translation processes are stored in the
computer; thus it is easier to update the system when required.
 The computer has a complete overview of the system, so is able to analyze
traffic patterns and diagnose faults more easily.
 Details of traffic and faults can also be recorded in the computer.
Thus functions which are expensive and inconvenient to perform locally can be
controlled from a central computer.
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Stored Program Control Concept:
 Stored program control (SPC) is a broad term designating switches where
common control is carried out entirely by computer.
 In some exchanges, this involves a large and single powerful computer.
 In others, two or more minicomputers may carryout the SPC function.
 And the basic switching functions may be controlled by centralized/distributed
microprocessors.
 System faults are displayed as they occur, and circuit status may be indicated
on the screen periodically (say every 5 second).
 Due to the high speed of the computer, post dial delay is reduced.

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 SPC Components :
There are four basic functional elements of an SPC switching system as shown
in figure 2.1:
 Switching matrix (switching exchange)
 Call store (memory)
 Program store (memory)
 Central processor (computer)

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Functional Diagram of an SPC exchange:
Program store: provides basic instructions to the central processor.
Call store: is temporary storage of incoming call information ready for use, on
command from the central processor.
It also contains availability and status information of lines, trunks, and service
circuits.

Figure 2.1: Simplified Functional Diagram of SPC Switching System.

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Organization of SPC:

 Centralized SPC:- Broadly used in early SPC switching systems.

 Early electronic switching systems are centralized SPC exchanges and used a
single processor to perform the exchange functions.
 Presently centralized exchanges use dual processor for high reliability (for
redundancy purpose).
 Distributed SPC:- Gaining popularity in modern switching systems.

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Centralized SPC:
All the control equipment is replaced by a single powerful
processor.

Figure 2.2: Typical Centralized SPC Configuration.

Basically, processors control switching exchange and
signaling messages.
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Centralized SPC…
The input-output equipment consists of a line scanner and a signal distributor
as shown in figure 2.2 above.
 Both circuits operate under the control of the central control processor.
The scanner is an input circuit used for scanning the states (idle or busy) of
subscriber lines, trunks and switch test points to permit monitoring the operation
of the system.
 Circuit status information is brought to the memory by a method of scanning
and all speech circuits are scanned for a busy/idle condition.
 The signal distributor is an output circuit directing output signals to various
points in the system for supervisory and signaling actions.

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Centralized SPC…
 It must be capable of processing 10 to 100 calls per second, depending on the
load on the system, and simultaneously performing many other ancillary tasks.
 In almost all the present day electronic switching systems using centralized
control, only a two-processor configuration is used.
 A dual-processor centralized SPC architecture may be configured to operate in
one of three modes: :
Standby mode
Synchronous duplex mode
Load sharing mode.

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Standby Mode:
How does it work?
All processors have the same capability to control the switching procedure.
Any one of the processors will be active and the rest is standby, both hardware and
software wise.
The standby processor is brought online only when the active processor fails.
The processor in the standby mode is used as a backup, in case the active one fails.
This mode of exchange uses a secondary storage common to both the processors.
 The active processor copies the status of the system periodically, say every 5
second and stores in the secondary storage.
 The programs and instructions related to the control functions, routine programs
and other required information are stored in the Secondary storage.

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Standby Mode…
 An important requirement of this configuration is the ability of the standby
processor to reconstitute the state of the exchange system when it takes over the
control.
Scanning:
 The standby processor scans all status signals as soon as it is brought into
operation.
 Only the calls which are being established at the time of failure are disturbed.
 As soon as a switch over occurs, the online processor loads the most recent
update of the system status from the memory and continues the operations.
 Only feasible for small exchanges.

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Standby Mode…

Figure 2.3: Standby Dual-Processor Configuration.

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Synchronous Duplex Mode:
How does it work?
 Hardware coupling is provided between the two processors which execute the
same set of instructions and compare the results continuously by a comparator.
 One of the processor actually controls the exchange and the other one remains
in synchronism with the previous one.
 If a mismatch occurs, the faculty processor is identified and taken out of
service immediately and the other one works independently
 When the system is operating normally, the two processors have the same data
in their memories at all the times and receive all information from the exchange
environment.

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Synchronous Duplex Mode…

Figure 2.4: Synchronous Duplex Operation.

In this mode, the processors p1 and p2 are connected together to
exchange instructions and control functions.
This mode of operation uses a comparator in between p1 and p2.

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Load sharing Mode:
How does it work?
 Both two processors have full access to entire exchange environment.
 Each of them has independent memories for redundancy purpose.
 Both two processors are active simultaneously and share the load and the
resources dynamically.
 An incoming call is assigned randomly or in a predefined order to one of the
processors which then handles the call right through completion.
 Inter-processor links are configured for processors to exchange information
needed for mutual coordination and verifying the state of health of the other.
 Load sharing mode is where a task is shared between two processors.
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Load sharing Mode…
 If a processor fails, the other processor takes over the entire load including the
calls already set up by the failing processor.
 The processors call for ED to share the resources, so that both the processors
do not seek the same resource at the same time.
 If one processor fails, with the help of ED, the other processor takes over the
entire load of the exchange.
 Under normal operation, each processor handles one half of the calls on a
statistical basis.
 However, the exchange operator can vary the processor load for maintenance
purpose.

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Load sharing Mode…

Figure 2.5: Load Sharing Configuration.

 Traffic distribution between processors:-load sharing increases the effective traffic
capacity by 30 percent compared with synchronous duplex.
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Summary of Centralized SPC:

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Distributed SPC:
Concept of distributed SPC:
The control functions are shared by many processors within the exchanges.
 The Distributed SPC has more availability and reliability with low cost
processors than Centralized SPC, because entire exchange control functions may
be decomposed either horizontally or vertically for distributed processing.
 The introduction of distributed SPC, enabled customers to be provided with a
wider range of services than those available with centralized and
electromechanical switching system.

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Distributed SPC…
 This SPC has separate small processors called the regional processors that deal with different
works, rather than just one or two processors working on the whole thing like in the centralized
system.
 However, when these regional processors are required to perform complex tasks, the
centralized SPC processor helps by directing them.
 Entire exchange control functions may be decomposed either horizontally or vertically for
distributed processing.
 In vertical decomposition, the exchange environment is divided into several blocks and each
block is assigned to a processor that performs all control functions related to that block of
equipment.
 In horizontal decomposition, each processor performs one or some of the exchange control
functions.

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Distributed SPC…
Decomposition of Control Functions
Vertical decomposition:
 The exchange environment is divided into several blocks.
 Each block is assigned to a single processor.
A processor performs all control functions related to the corresponding block.
 The processor in each block may be duplicated for redundancy purposes.
 Obviously, the control system consists of a number of control units.
 The modular structure is flexible for system expanding.

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Distributed SPC…

Figure 2.6: Vertical Decomposition.

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Distributed SPC…
Horizontal decomposition:
 The control functions are divided into groups, e.g. event monitoring, call
 processing, operation and maintenance functions.
 Each processor performs only one or some of the exchange control functions.
 A chain of processors are used to perform the entire control of the exchange.
 The entire chain may be duplicated to provide redundancy.

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Distributed SPC…

Figure 2.7: Dual Chain Distributed Control.

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SPC Software and Control Functions:
Software linkages required during a typical call:-
signaling and call control
 charging and maintenance software…
Control of connections:
calls should not be directed to faulty destinations
faulty connections should be cleared.
 The call processing programs are responsible for call-processing functions
and automatic message accounting and maintenance programs.
 The maintenance programs are responsible for system recovery, system
diagnostics, back up and other maintenance related functions.

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Requirements of Switching System:
High Availability, Reliability and Security:-
 The telephone system must be very reliable. System reliability can be
expressed mathematically as the ratio of uptime to sum of the uptime and down
time.
 The uptime is the total time that the system is operating satisfactorily and the
down time is the total time that is not.
 In telephone switching networks, the availability or full accessibility is
possible if all of the lines are equally accessible to all incoming calls.
 High reliability to obtain long mean time between failures (MTBF).
 Security: to ensure correct operation even when faults are present in the
system.
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Single Processor Versus Dual Processor:

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Single Processor Versus Dual Processor…

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Single Processor Versus Dual Processor…

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Enhanced Services Possible for SPC:
Full-scale automation of exchange functions.
Common Channel Signaling (CCS)
Maintenance functions
Automatic fault diagnosis
Interactive human-machine interface
Reduced number of dialing errors.
Fault tolerant both hardware and software wise
Call forwarding and waiting
Automated call tracing message unit accounting (for billing purpose).
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Advantage of SPC in Telephone Switching:
Main Functions:
Easy to control
 Easy to maintain
 Flexible
 Wider range of services can be provided to customers
 Increase level of automotive switching
 Enabled sophisticated calling features.

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Functions of Switching System:
The switching office performs the following basic functions irrespective of the
system whether it is a manual or electromechanical or electronic switching
system.
 Addressing:- The switching system must be able to identify the calling and
called subscriber from the input/output information
 The address may be in same local center or some other exchange.
 If the terminal or trunk group is busy, a suitable signal must be returned to the
calling subscriber. If more than one free circuit, particular one will be selected.

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Functions of Switching System…
 Finding and Path setup:- Once the calling subscriber destination is identified
and the called subscriber is available, an accept signal is passed to the switching
system and calling subscriber. Based on the availability, suitable path will be
selected.
 Busy testing:- If number dialed by the calling subscriber is wrong or the called
subscriber is busy, a switching system has to pass a corresponding voice message
or busy tone after waiting for some time (status).
 Call record:- All the call processing data’s such as origin of a call, path of a
call, duration of a call and clearing of a call are stored in the computer memory.

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Functions of Switching System…
 Clear down:-When the established call is completed, the path setup should be
disconnected.
 If the calling subscriber keeps the phone down first, the signal called clear
forward is passed to the switching system.
 If the called subscriber keeps the phone down first, a signal called clear
backward signal is passed to the switching system.
 By clear signal, the switching system must disconnect the path setup between
calling and called subscriber.
 Supervision:- Once the path is setup between calling and called subscriber, it
should be supervised in order to detect answer and clear down conditions and
recording billing information.
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Summary of Switching Functions:
 Call restrictions and processing  Call status
 Line scanning  All these functions can be carried out
via the input/output equipment
 Routing and link setup
connected to the central processor.
Traffic monitoring and control
 Billing:-The billing of telephone
exchange is automated in automatic
switching
 Diagnostic / preventive maintenances
 Call identification

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 Two-Stage Network

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Three stage Switch

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Cont’d …

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Example
Design a three-stage, 200 × 200 switch (N = 200) with
k = 4 and n = 20.

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Cont’d…

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Clo’s Design criteria

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Example
Redesign the previous three-stage, 200 × 200
switch, using the Clos criteria with a minimum
number of cross points.

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Next Lecture: Signaling Techniques …

Thank You!

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