Chapter 3

SQL

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 What is SQL?

 SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

 SQL is a standard language for accessing
databases.
 SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) standard

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 What Can SQL do?
 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
 SQL can create stored procedures in a database
 SQL can create views in a database
 SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views
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RDBMS
 RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

 RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database
systems such as MS SQL Server, IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL,
and Microsoft Access.
 The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called
tables.
 A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of
columns and rows.

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SQL Commands

 The standard SQL commands to interact with

relational databases are CREATE, SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and DROP. These
commands can be classified into groups based on
their nature:

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 Data Definition Language (DDL)

Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the

database structure or schema. Some examples:
 CREATE - to create objects in the database
 ALTER - alters the structure of the database
 DROP - delete objects from the database
 TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all
spaces allocated for the records are removed
 COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
 RENAME - rename an object

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 Data Manipulation Language (DML)

Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing

data within schema objects. Some examples:
 SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
 INSERT - insert data into a table
 UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
 DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records
remain
 MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
 CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
 EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
 LOCK TABLE - control concurrency

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 Data Control Language  (DCL)

Data Control Language (DCL) statements. examples:

 GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
 REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with
the GRANT command

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SQL Data Types for Various DBs

Microsoft Access Data Types

 Text  AutoNumber
 Memo  Date/Time
 Integer  Yes/No
 Single  Ole Object
 Double  Lookup Wizard
 Currency  Hyperlink
 Byte

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SQL Syntax

Database Tables
 A database most often contains one or more tables.
Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers"
or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with
data.
 Sample database (included in MS Access and MS
SQL Server).
 Below is a selection from the "Customers" table:

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 Customers table
Customer Customer Contact Address city Postal Country
ID Name Name Code

1 Alfred's Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 Germany

57

2 Ana Ana Trujillo Avda. de la México 05021 Mexico

Trujillo

3 Antonio Antonio Matadors México 05023 Mexico

Moreno 2312
4
Around Thomas 120 London WA1 UK
the Hardy Hanover 1DP
Sq.

5 Berglund Christina Berguvsväg Luleå S-958 Sweden

ss en 8 22

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 cont’d…

 The table above contains five records (one for each

customer) and seven columns (CustomerID,
Customer Name, Contact Name, Address, City, Postal
Code, and Country).

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 SQL Statements

Most of the actions you need to perform on a database are

done with SQL statements.
 The following SQL statement selects all the records in the
"Customers" table:
• Example:
 SELECT * FROM Customers;
Keep in Mind That...
 SQL is NOT case sensitive: SELECT is the same as select

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 Semicolon after SQL Statements?

 Semicolon after SQL Statements?

 Some database systems require a semicolon at the end of
each SQL statement.
 Semicolon is the standard way to separate each SQL
statement in database systems that allow more than one
SQL statement to be executed in the same call to the
server.
 Due to this we will use semicolon at the end of each SQL
statement.
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 Some of The Most Important SQL Commands

 SELECT :- extracts data from a  CREATE TABLE  :- creates a

database
new table
 UPDATE  :- updates data in a
database
 ALTER TABLE  :- modifies a
 DELETE  :- deletes data from a table
database
 DROP TABLE  :- deletes a table
 INSERT INTO  :- inserts new data
into a database
 CREATE INDEX  :- creates an
 CREATE DATABASE  :- creates a index (search key)
new database
 DROP INDEX  :- deletes an
 ALTER DATABASE  :- modifies a
index
database

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 SQL SELECT Statement

 The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

The result is stored in a result table, called the result-set.

 SQL SELECT Syntax

SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;

and

SELECT * FROM table_name;

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SELECT Column Example

 The following SQL statement selects the "Customer

Name" and "City" columns from the "Customers"
table:

Example:

SELECT CustomerName,City FROM Customers;

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SELECT * Example

 The following SQL statement selects all the columns

from the "Customers" table:

Example:

SELECT * FROM Customers;

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SQL SELECT DISTINCT statement

 The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return

only distinct (different) values.
 The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement
 In a table, a column may contain many duplicate values
and sometimes you only want to list the different (distinct)
values.

 The DISTINCT keyword can be used to return only

distinct (different) values.

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SQL SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

 SELECT DISTINCT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name;

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SQL WHERE Clause

 The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

 The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records that
fulfill a specified criterion.
 SQL WHERE Syntax
 SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column name operator value;

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WHERE Clause Example

 The following SQL statement selects all the

customers from the country "Mexico", in the
"Customers" table:

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Mexico';

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SQL AND & OR Operators

 The AND & OR operators are used to filter records based on

more than one condition.
 The AND operator displays a record if both the first
condition AND the second condition are true.
 The OR operator displays a record if either the first
condition OR the second condition is true.

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AND Operator Example

 The following SQL statement selects all customers

from the country "Germany" AND the city "Berlin",
in the "Customers" table:

Example:

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Germany'
AND City='Berlin';

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 OR Operator Example

 The following SQL statement selects all customers

from the city "Berlin" OR "München", in the
"Customers" table: 

Example:

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City='Berlin'
OR City='München';

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Combining AND & OR

 You can also combine AND OR (use parenthesis to form

complex expressions).
 The following SQL statement selects all customers from the
country "Germany" AND the city must be equal to "Berlin" OR
"München", in the "Customers" table:

Example:

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country='Germany'
AND (City='Berlin' OR City='München');

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SQL CREATE TABLE Statement

 The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a

table in a database.
 Tables are organized into rows and columns; and
each table must have a name.

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 Cont’d…

 SQL CREATE TABLE Syntax

CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type(size),
column_name2 data_type(size),
column_name3 data_type(size),
....
);

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 Cont’d…

 The column_name parameters specify the names of

the columns of the table.
 The data_type parameter specifies what type of data
the column can hold (e.g. varchar, integer, decimal,
date, etc.).
 The size parameter specifies the maximum length of
the column of the table.

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 SQL CREATE TABLE Example

 Now we want to create a table called "Persons" that contains five

columns: PersonID, Last Name, First Name, Address, and City.
 Therefore, We use the following CREATE TABLE statement:

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
PersonID int,
Last Name varchar(255),
First Name varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
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SQL INSERT INTO Statement

 The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

 SQL INSERT INTO Syntax
 It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two forms.
 The first form does not specify the column names where the data will be
inserted, only their values:
 INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);
 The second form specifies both the column names and the values to be inserted:
 INSERT INTO table_name (column1,column2,column3,...)
VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...);

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 cont’d…

 Assume we wish to insert a new row in the "Customers" table.

 We can use the following SQL statement (without specifying column
names):
 INSERT INTO Customers
VALUES ('Cardinal','Tom B. Erichsen','Skagen
21','Stavanger','4006','Norway');

or this SQL statement (including column names):

 INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, ContactName, Address, City,
PostalCode, Country)
VALUES ('Cardinal','Tom B. Erichsen','Skagen
21','Stavanger','4006','Norway');
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Insert Data Only in Specified Columns

 It is also possible to only insert data in specific columns.

 The following SQL statement will insert a new row, but only
insert data in the "CustomerName", "City", and "Country"
columns (and the CustomerID field will of course also be
updated automatically):

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName, City, Country)

VALUES ('Cardinal', 'Stavanger', 'Norway');

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 The SQL UPDATE Statement

 The UPDATE statement is used to update existing

records in a table.
 SQL UPDATE Syntax

UPDATE table_name
SET column1=value1,column2=value2,...
WHERE some_column=some_value;

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 SQL UPDATE Example

 Assume we wish to update the customer "Alfreds

Futterkiste" with a new contact person and city.
 We use the following SQL statement:

UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName='Alfred Schmidt', City='Hamburg'
WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';

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SQL DELETE Statement

 The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a

table.
 SQL DELETE Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE some_column=some_value;

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 SQL DELETE Example

 Assume we wish to delete the customer "Alfreds

Futterkiste" from the "Customers" table.
 We use the following SQL statement:

DELETE FROM Customers

WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste' AND
ContactName='Maria Anders';

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 Delete All Data

 It is possible to delete all rows in a table without

deleting the table. This means that the table
structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:

DELETE FROM table_name;
or
DELETE * FROM table_name;

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SQL LIKE Operator

 The LIKE operator is used to search for a specified

pattern in a column.
 SQL LIKE Syntax

SELECT column name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column name LIKE pattern;

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SQL LIKE Operator Examples

 The following SQL statement selects all customers

with a City starting with the letter "s":

Example

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City LIKE 's%';

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 cont’d…

 The following SQL statement selects all customers

with a City ending with the letter "s":

Example

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City LIKE '%s';

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 The SQL BETWEEN Operator

 The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The

values can be numbers, text, or dates.
 SQL BETWEEN Syntax

SELECT column name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

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 BETWEEN Operator Example

 The following SQL statement selects all products

with a price BETWEEN 10 and 20:

Example

SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;

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 BETWEEN Operator with Text Value

 The following SQL statement selects all products

with a Product Name beginning with any of the
letter BETWEEN 'C' and 'M':

Example

SELECT * FROM Products

WHERE Product Name BETWEEN 'C' AND 'M';

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