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Real Final Project Calc

U-substitution is a method for solving integrals that involve composite functions, where the derivative of the inner function is multiplied by the outer function. It involves: 1) Identifying an integral of the form ∫f(g(x))g'(x) dx. 2) Setting U = g(x) and finding dU. 3) Rewriting the integral in terms of U and dU. 4) Finding the antiderivative and substituting back for U in terms of x. It is related to the chain rule and allows solving integrals that would otherwise be difficult. Constant multiples of the derivative can also be handled with U-substitution.

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166 views

Real Final Project Calc

U-substitution is a method for solving integrals that involve composite functions, where the derivative of the inner function is multiplied by the outer function. It involves: 1) Identifying an integral of the form ∫f(g(x))g'(x) dx. 2) Setting U = g(x) and finding dU. 3) Rewriting the integral in terms of U and dU. 4) Finding the antiderivative and substituting back for U in terms of x. It is related to the chain rule and allows solving integrals that would otherwise be difficult. Constant multiples of the derivative can also be handled with U-substitution.

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Integration With U-

Substitution
Tejas Madhav
What is U-Substitution?
U-Substitution is a method that can be used to solve certain integrals in Calculus.
It cannot be used for all integrals, but can be very useful for others. To effectively
use U-Substitution, it is good to have a good understanding of composite functions
and their derivatives, as well as previous derivative rules you have learned.
Composite Functions
Recall That
d/dx[F(g(x)] = F’(g(x))g’(x) = f(g(x))g’(x) OR g’(x)f(g(x)) → Chain Rule

Therefore
∫g’(x)f(g(x)) dx = F(g(x)) + c

Be able to identify a composite function multiplied by the derivative of the


inner function. This will be helpful to understand U-substitution
Step 1: Identify an integral that may require U-substitution

If you see an integral that involves a composite function, with the derivative of the
inner function being multiplied by it, it is likely that U-Substitution can be used.
U-Substitution Candidates
∫f(g(x))g’(x) dx → g is inside the function f, and g’ (the derivative of g) is being multiplied
by that
∫sin(x2)(2x) dx → x2 is in the function sin, and 2x (the derivative of x2) is being
multiplied by it
∫(x5+3x)2(5x4+3) dx → x5+3x is in the function 2 and the derivative of that, 5x4+3 is
being multiplied.
∫sin(sinx)cosx dx → sinx is in the function sin, and cosx (the derivative of sinx) is being
multiplied by it
Step 2: Pick a U

When you see function that fits the pattern of ∫g’(x)f(g(x)) dx, set U = g(x).

∫2xsin(x2) dx
Let U = x2
Step 3: Find du

Once you set the inner function to U, solve for dU/dx, then multiply both sides by
dx.

If U = g(x) If U = x2
dU/dx = g’(x) dU/dx = 2x
dU = g’(x)dx dU = 2xdx
Step 4: Rewrite the entire integral in terms of U and dU

Since U = g(x) Since U = x 2

and dU = g’(x)dx And dU = 2xdx

∫f(g(x))g’(x) dx = ∫f(U)dU ∫2x sin(x2) dx = ∫sin(U)dU


Step 5: Find The Antiderivative in Terms of U

∫f(U)dU = F(U) + c

∫sin(U)dU = -cos(U) + c
Step 5: Re-substitute U in terms of x

f(U) + c = f(g(x)) + C

-cos(U) + c = -cos(x2) + c

-For definite integrals, you can either do this or solve for U at each x bound
and use those new bounds
Another Example

∫(x3+5)4(3x2)dx
Let the inner function = U = x3+5
dU/dx = 3x2
dU = 3x2dx
∫(x3+5)4(3x2)dx = ∫(U)4dU = U5/5 + c = (x3+5)5/5+ c
Constant Multiples

When Integrating using U-substitution, you may not always have the exact
derivative being multiplied by the function. If you have a constant multiple of the
derivative being multiplied, however, U-substitution is still possible.

Remember, if k is a constant:

∫kf(x)dx = k∫f(x)dx
Constant Multiple Example

∫x4cos(x5)dx → Seems to fit pattern g’(x)f(g(x))


There is no match to the derivative of x 5 , but there is a constant multiple of the derivative (x 4)
being multiplied, so modify integral. Adjust what you multiply by based on what you need to make
a perfect match to the derivative, then proceed with U-substitution.
∫x4cos(x5)dx = ∫(⅕)5x4cos(x5)dx = (⅕) ∫5x4cos(x5)dx

Let U = x5

dU/dx = 5x4, dU = 5x4dx


(⅕)∫5x4cos(x5)dx = (⅕)∫cos(U)dU

= (⅕)[sin(U)] + c

= (⅕)sin(x5) + c
Interesting Trig Example
Try: ∫x2sec(x3)tan(x3)dx

The outer function is f(x) = sec(x)tan(x). Recognize this by knowing derivative rules well. The
outer function is likely to be a common derivative function. In this case, it is the derivative of
sec(x), the inner function is g(x) = x3, and the derivative of the Inner function g’(x) = dU/dx = 3x2.

∫x2sec(x3)tan(x3)dx → x2 is a near match to the derivative of x3 (Only off by a factor of 3)

∫x2sec(x3)tan(x3)dx = ∫(⅓)3x2sec(x3)tan(x3)dx = (⅓)∫3x2sec(x3)tan(x3)dx

Let U = x3

dU/dx = 3x2

dU = 3x2dx

(⅓)∫3x2sec(x3)tan(x3)dx = (⅓)∫sec(U)tan(U)dU = (⅓)sec(U) + c = (⅓)sec(x3) + c


MCQ Example - 2004 MCQ #3

∫x2cos(x3)dx

Let U = x3

dU/dx = 3x2

dU = 3x2dx

(⅓)∫cos(U)dU = (⅓)sin(U) + C = (⅓)sin(x3) + C so the


answer is

B
FRQ Example- 2016 FRQ #6 Part c

∫13f’’(2x)dx
First solve ∫f’’(2x)dx, Then plug in bounds
Let U = 2x
dU/dx = 2
dU = 2dx
∫f’’(2x)dx = (½)∫f’’(U)dU = f’(U)/2 = f’(2x)/2
+C
[f’(2x)/2]13 = (f’(6) - f’(2))/2 = (5 - (-2))/2 =
7/2
Conclusion

U-substitution is very much related to the chain rule for derivatives.

∫f(g(x))g’(x) dx = F(g(x)) + c

By Identifying a U-Sub Integral, setting U = g(x), Solving for dU, and re-writing the
integral in terms of U, we can solve tricky integrals without too much trouble.

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