Fuzzy Logic
What is Fuzzy Logic?
Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning.
The approach of FL imitates the way of decision making in humans that
involves all intermediate possibilities between digital values YES and NO.
The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise
input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to
human’s YES or NO.
The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers, the
human decision making includes a range of possibilities between YES and NO,
such as −
CERTAINLY YES
POSSIBLY YES
CANNOT SAY
POSSIBLY NO
CERTAINLY NO
In the Boolean system, only two possibilities (0 and 1) exist, where 1 denotes
the absolute truth value and 0 denotes the absolute false value. But in the
fuzzy system, there are multiple possibilities present between the 0 and 1,
which are partially false and partially true.
Architecture of a Fuzzy Logic System
In the architecture of the Fuzzy Logic system, each component plays an
important role. The architecture consists of the different four components
which are given below.
Rule Base
Fuzzification
Inference Engine
Defuzzification
1. Rule Base
Rule Base is a component used for storing the set of rules and the If-Then conditions given by the
experts are used for controlling the decision-making systems.
There are so many updates that come in the Fuzzy theory recently, which offers effective methods
for designing and tuning of fuzzy controllers. These updates or developments decreases the number
of fuzzy set of rules.
2. Fuzzification
Fuzzification is a module or component for transforming the system inputs, i.e., it converts the
crisp number into fuzzy steps.
The crisp numbers are those inputs which are measured by the sensors and then fuzzification passed
them into the control systems for further processing.
This component divides the input signals into following five states in any Fuzzy Logic system:
Large Positive (LP)
Medium Positive (MP)
Small (S)
Medium Negative (MN)
Large negative (LN)
3. Inference Engine
This component is a main component in any Fuzzy Logic system (FLS), because all the
information is processed in the Inference Engine.
It allows users to find the matching degree between the current fuzzy input and the
rules. After the matching degree, this system determines which rule is to be added
according to the given input field. When all rules are fired, then they are combined
for developing the control actions.
4. Defuzzification
Defuzzification is a module or component, which takes the fuzzy set inputs
generated by the Inference Engine, and then transforms them into a crisp value. It
is the last step in the process of a fuzzy logic system.
The crisp value is a type of value which is acceptable by the user. Various techniques
are present to do this, but the user has to select the best one for reducing the errors.
Membership Function
The membership function is a function which represents the graph of fuzzy
sets, and allows users to quantify the linguistic term. It is a graph which is
used for mapping each element of x to the value between 0 and 1.
This function is also known as indicator or characteristics function.
This function of Membership was introduced in the first papers of fuzzy set
by Zadeh. For the Fuzzy set B, the membership function for X is defined as:
μB:X → [0,1]. In this function X, each element of set B is mapped to the value
between 0 and 1. This is called a degree of membership or membership value.
Classical and Fuzzy Set Theory
To learn about classical and Fuzzy set theory, firstly you have to know about
what is set.
Set
A set is a term, which is a collection of unordered or ordered elements.
Following are the various examples of a set:
A set of all-natural numbers
A set of students in a class.
A set of all cities in a state.
A set of upper-case letters of the alphabet.
Operations on Classical Set
Following are the various operations which are performed on the classical
sets:
Union Operation
Intersection Operation
Union:
This operation is denoted by (A U B). A U B is the set of those elements which
exist in two different sets A and B. This operation combines all the elements
from both the sets and make a new set. It is also called a Logical OR
operation.
It can be described as:
A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A OR x ∈ B }.
Example:
Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13},
Set B = {11, 12, 13, 14, 15},
then A ∪ B = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
Intersection
This operation is denoted by (A ∩ B). A ∩ B is the set of those elements which
are common in both set A and B. It is also called a Logical OR operation.
It can be described as:
A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A AND x ∈ B }.
Example:
Set A = {10, 11, 12, 13},
Set B = {11, 12, 14}
then A ∩ B = {11, 12}
Operations on Fuzzy Set
1. Union Operation: The union operation of a fuzzy set is defined by:
μA∪B(x) = max (μA(x), μB(x))
Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:
A = {( X1, 0.6 ), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 1), (X4, 0.4)}
B is a set which contains following elements:
B = {( X1, 0.1), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 0), (X4, 0.9)}
then,
AUB = {( X1, 0.6), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 1), (X4, 0.9)}
Intersection Operation:
The intersection operation of fuzzy set is defined by:
μA∩B(x) = min (μA(x), μB(x))
Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:
A = {( X1, 0.3 ), (X2, 0.7), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.1)}
B is a set which contains following elements:
B = {( X1, 0.8), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.4), (X4, 0.9)}
then,
A∩B = {( X1, 0.3), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.4), (X4, 0.1)}
Complement Operation:
The complement operation of fuzzy set is defined by:
μĀ(x) = 1-μA(x),
Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:
A = {( X1, 0.3 ), (X2, 0.8), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.1)}
then,
Ā = {( X1, 0.7 ), (X2, 0.2), (X3, 0.5), (X4, 0.9)}
