Structured

Query
Language
 Introduction
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a
database language designed for managing
data in relational database management
systems (RDBMS).
• SQL has three components:
• Data Definition Language (DDL)
• Data Manipulation Language (DML)
• Data Control Language (DCL)

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Introduction cont…
• A Data Definition Language (DDL) is a
database language for defining the
structure of database objects in a
database.
• It is a language for creating, altering
and dropping database objects such as
create table, drop table, alter table, etc.
• DDL changes database schema.
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Introduction cont…
• Data Manipulation Language (DML) is
a database language used to insert,
delete, select and update data in a
database.
• DML reads or changes the content of
the database.

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Introduction cont…
• Data Control Language (DCL) is also a
database language used to control
access (privilege) to data stored in a
database.
• DCL has two main SQL statements:
• GRANT – to grant a privilege to a user.
• REVOKE – to revoke (remove) a
privilege from a user.
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Database management system
• DBMS provides mechanisms for storing,
organizing, retrieving and modifying data.
• DBMSs allow for the access and storage of
data without concern for the internal
representation of the data in the database.
• Some popular RDBMSs are Microsoft SQL
Server, Oracle, Sybase, IBM DB2, Informix,
PostgreSQL and MySQL.

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Relational Databases
• A relational database is a logical representation
of data that allows the data to be accessed
without consideration of its physical structure.
• A relational database stores data in tables.
• Tables are composed of rows, and rows are
composed of columns.
• Each row has a primary key which uniquely
identifies it and cannot be duplicated in other
rows.
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Introduction to MySQL
• MySQL is a multiuser, multithreaded (i.e.,
allows multiple simultaneous connections)
RDBMS server that uses SQL to interact with
and manipulate data.
• MySQL is an open source, relational database
software, based on SQL for data query and
retrieval.
• Many tools and applications installed on
websites rely on MySQL as the back end data
repository. E.g., Joomla, WordPress, FB, etc.
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Benefits of MySQL
• Scalability – can be embedded in any
application
• Performance – can be optimized
• Support for many programming
languages.
• Implementations of MySQL for Windows,
Mac OS, Linux and UNIX.
• Handling large databases (e.g., tens of
thousands of tables with millions of rows).
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MySQL Installation
• The following are steps that are
required for the installation of WAMP
Server:
• Download the latest release/version of
the LAMP (for Linux OS)/WAMP (for
windows)/XAMPP (platform
independent) from
http://www.wampserver.com/en/downl
oad.php
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MySQL Installation cont...
• After installation is completed, you
will see the WAMP server icon on a
task bar.
• Make sure that all MySQL services
are running before you start using
them.

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 Getting started with MySQL
• On a taskbar, click on WAMP server
icon  MySQL  Service 
Start/Resume Service.
• This starts the MySQL services.
• Once MySQL is working correctly, now
you can start MySQL console window.

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Getting started with MySQL
cont…
• On a taskbar, click on WAMP server
icon  MySQL  MySQL console. A
MySQL console window looks like this:

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SQL query keywords

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Data types in SQL
• A data type defines what kind of value a
column can contain.
• Each column in a database table is
required to have a name and a data
type.
• SQL developers have to decide what
types of data will be stored in each
column when creating a SQL table.
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Data types in SQL cont…
• Characters:
• CHAR(20) – fixed length
• VARCHAR(40) – variable length
• Numbers:
• BIGINT, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT
• REAL, FLOAT – differ in precision
• DECIMAL
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Data types in SQL cont…
• Times and dates:
• DATE
• DATETIME
• Note:
• Data types might have different names in
different database.
• And even if the name is the same, the size
and other details may be different! Always
check the documentation!
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SQL statements
• To login (from unix shell) use -h only if
needed.
• # [mysql dir]/bin/mysql -h hostname -u
root -p
• Create a database.
• create database databaseName;
• List all databases on the MySQL server.
• show databases;
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SQL statements cont…
• How to select a database to use.
•
use databaseName;
• To see all the tables in the database.
•
show tables;
• To see database's field formats.
•
describe tableName;

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SQL statements cont…
• To drop a database.
• drop database databaseName;
• To drop a table in a database.
• drop table tableName;
• Insert data into a table.
• insert into tableName values
('value1','value2',...,'valueN');
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SQL statements cont…
• Show all data in a table.
• SELECT * FROM tableName;
• Table columns' information
pertaining to the designated
table.
• show columns from tableName;

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SQL statements cont…
• How to rename table in MySQL
• USE databaseName;
• RENAME TABLE old_table_name TO
new_table_name;
• Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00
sec)

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SQL statements cont…
• SQL SELECT statement is used to
fetch the data from a database table
which returns data in the form of
result table.
• Show certain selected rows with the
value "whatever".
• SELECT * FROM tableName WHERE
columnName = "whatever";
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SQL statements cont…
• Show all records containing the
name "Allan Shearer" AND the phone
number '3444444'.
• SELECT * FROM tableName
WHERE name = "Allan Shearer"
AND phone_number = '3444444';

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SQL statements cont…
• Show all records not containing the
name "Bob" AND the phone number
'3444444' order by the phone_number
field.
• SELECT * FROM tableName WHERE
name != "Bob" AND phone_number
= '3444444' order by
phone_number;
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SQL statements cont…
• Show all records starting with the
letters 'bob' AND the phone number
'3444444' limit to records 1 through
5.
• SELECT * FROM [table name]
WHERE name like "Bob%" AND
phone_number = '3444444' limit
1,5;
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SQL statements cont…
• Show unique records.
• SELECT DISTINCT columnName
FROM tableName;
• Show selected records sorted in an
ascending (asc) or descending (desc).
• SELECT [col1],[col2] FROM
tableName ORDER BY col1 DESC;

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 SQL statements cont…
• To update info already in a table.
• UPDATE tableName set
columnNameToModify= 'newValue'
where differentColumnName =
'whatever';
• Delete a row(s) from a table.
• DELETE from tableName where
columnName = 'whatever';
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SQL statements cont…
• How to add a constraint to a column
e.g. foreign key or primary key
• alter table tableName add constraint
foreign key(columnName)
references
tableName1(columnName);
• alter table tableName add constraint
primary key(columnName);
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SQL statements cont…
• Update database permissions or
privileges.
• flush privileges;
• Delete a column.
• alter table tableName drop column
columnName;

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SQL statements cont…
• Add a new column to database.
• alter table tableName add column
columnName datatype(size);
• Change column name.
• alter table tableName change
oldColumnName newColumnName
datatype(size);

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SQL statements cont…
• Make a unique column so you get no
dupes.
• alter table tableName add unique
columnName;
• Make a column bigger.
• alter table tableName modify
columnName datatype(size);

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SQL statements cont…
• Dump all databases for backup.
• # [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -u root -
ppassword –all-databases
>/tmp/alldatabases.sql
• Dump one database for backup.
• # [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -u
username -ppassword --databases
databasename >/tmp/databasename.sql

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SQL statements cont…
• Dump a table from a database.
• [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -c -u
username -ppassword databasename
tablename >
/tmp/databasename.tablename.sql
• Restore database (or database table)
from backup.
• [mysql dir]/bin/mysql -u username -
ppassword databasename <
/tmp/databasename.sql
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SQL statements cont...
• The SQL statement to grant a privilege
on a table is:
• GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
ON tablename TO username;
• The SQL statement to revoke a
privilege on a table is:
• REVOKE SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
ON tablename FROM username;

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SQL statements cont...
• WHERE clause is a general boolean expression
• Boolean operators:
AND, OR, NOT
• Comparison operators:
=, <, <=, >, >=, <>
• String comparison operators: LIKE
• Parentheses can be used to set precedence
• String literals can be enclosed in "…" or '…'

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SQL statements cont...
• The LIKE comparison operator is
used to compare partial string
• Two wildcard characters are used:
• '%' replaces an arbitrary number
of characters
• '_' replaces a single arbitrary
character

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Aggregate functions
• Aggregate functions are applied to result
attributes.
• These are COUNT, SUM, MAX, MIN, and
AVG.
• Find the maximum salary, the minimum
salary, and the average salary among all
employees.
• SELECT MAX(Salary), MIN(Salary),
AVG(Salary) FROM EMPLOYEE;
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Aggregate functions cont…
• Find the total salary paid to employees
who work for the 'Research'
department.
• SELECT SUM(Salary) FROM
EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT WHERE
Dno=Dnumber AND
Dname='Research';

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Set comparison operators
• IN – set membership (“is in”, ∈)
• EXISTS – set not empty (∃)
• ALL – applies to all set members (∀)
• ANY – applies to any set member
• CONTAINS – proper superset

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Thank you for listening!

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