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Understanding Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process used to evaluate claims about populations based on sample characteristics. It involves deciding whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis states there is no difference or effect, while the alternative hypothesis contradicts the null. Type I and II errors may occur. Formulating hypotheses involves stating the null and alternative in words and symbols.

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Dina Jean Sombrio
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38 views

Understanding Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process used to evaluate claims about populations based on sample characteristics. It involves deciding whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis states there is no difference or effect, while the alternative hypothesis contradicts the null. Type I and II errors may occur. Formulating hypotheses involves stating the null and alternative in words and symbols.

Uploaded by

Dina Jean Sombrio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNDERSTANDING

HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process of evaluating
claims about a population based on the characteristic of a
sample from that population. It decides whether to reject or
accept the null hypothesis.

• Some use the following decisions:


a. the null hypothesis is rejected or
b. failed to reject the null hypothesis.

• Failed to reject the null hypothesis implies that the data are
not sufficient enough to reject the null hypothesis or there is
no sufficient evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.
TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESES:
Null hypothesis

• It is denoted by .
• it is what we want to test. It states an exact value about the
parameter.
• It is a statement that there is no difference between a parameter
and a specific value, or that there is no difference between two
parameters.
Alternative hypothesis
• It is denoted by . States that there is a difference, an effect, change, or a
relationship between a parameter and a specific value; the independent
variable has an effect on the dependent variable, or something
happened. It is a statement that directly contradicts a null hypothesis by
stating that that the actual value of a population parameter is less than,
greater than, or not equal to the value stated in the null hypothesis. In
symbol, with 100 as the specific value for example it is written as:
𝐻1: 𝜇 ≠ 100
𝐻1: 𝜇 < 100 or
𝐻1: 𝜇 > 100

The alternative hypothesis will also determine the type of hypothesis test that will
be conducted.

-One-tailed test will be used when using > or <.


-Two-tailed test will be used when ≠ is used.
Formulate a null hypothesis and its alternative hypothesis
for each of the following. Write in words and in symbols.
1. The average TV viewing time of all five-year old children is 4 hours
daily.

Answer:
Null hypothesis (H0): The average TV viewing time of all five-year-old
children is equal to 4 hours daily.

H0: μ = 4

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The average TV viewing time of all five-year-old


children is not equal to 4 hours daily.

Ha: μ ≠ 4
2. A college librarian claims that 20 storybooks on the average are borrowed
daily.

Answer:

Null hypothesis (H0): The average number of storybooks borrowed daily is


equal to 20.

H0: μ = 20

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The average number of storybooks borrowed


daily is not equal to 20.

Ha: μ ≠ 20
3. The mean performance of all grade six leavers of a school in the
NAT is 35.

Null hypothesis (H0): The mean performance of grade six leavers in


the NAT is equal to 35.

H0: μ = 35

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The mean performance of grade six


leavers in the NAT is not equal to 35.

Ha: μ ≠ 35
4. The inventor of a new kind of light bulb claims that all such bulbs
last as long as 3000 hours.

Null hypothesis (H0): The average lifespan of the new kind of light
bulb is equal to 3000 hours.

H0: μ = 3000

Alternative hypothesis (Ha): The average lifespan of the new kind of


light bulb is not equal to 3000 hours.

Ha: μ ≠ 3000
Another Example # 1 : Bottled Fruit Juice Content
The owner of a factory that sells a particular bottled fruit juice
claims that the average capacity of a bottle of their product is
250mL.
Thus, the two hypotheses would be:
H0: The bottled drinks contain 250 mL per bottle. (This is the claim.)
H1: The bottled drinks do not contain 250 mL per bottle. (This is the
opposite of the claim.)

In symbols,
and H1:
Example # 2 : Working Students
A university claims that working students earn an average of Php 20
per hour.

H0: The working students earn an average of Php 20 per hour. (This is the claim.)
H1: The working students do not earn an average of Php 20 per hour. (This is the
opposite of the claim.)

In symbols,
H0: and H1:
Example no. 3 Company A produces circuit boards, but 10% of
them are defective. Company B claims that they produce fewer
defective circuit boards.

In symbols,
Example no. 4: The average price per square meter of a residential
lot in an exclusive subdivision is above ₱15,000. A buyer wants to test
the agent’s claim.

In words
H0: The average price per square meter of a residential lot in an
exclusive subdivision is Php. 15,000.00 or below.
H1: The average price per square meter of a residential lot in an
exclusive subdivision is above Php. 15,000.00

In symbols,
H0:
H1:
Example no. 5: A normal smartphone battery manufacturer claims
that the mean life of a certain type of battery is more than 650
hours.

In words
H0: The mean life of the certain type of battery produced by the
manufacturer is 650 hours or less.
H1: The mean life of the certain type of battery produced by the
manufacturer is more than 650 hours.

In symbols,
H0:
H1:

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