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Choosing Samples From Populations

This document discusses various methods for choosing samples from populations, including random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, convenience sampling, and purposive sampling. It explains that random sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling are widely used because they help ensure representativeness and reduce bias. However, convenience sampling and purposive sampling may be appropriate in some research contexts. The document also emphasizes that determining an appropriate sample size and addressing potential sampling biases are important for obtaining reliable and valid results.

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Mursel Cabbarli
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44 views

Choosing Samples From Populations

This document discusses various methods for choosing samples from populations, including random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, convenience sampling, and purposive sampling. It explains that random sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling are widely used because they help ensure representativeness and reduce bias. However, convenience sampling and purposive sampling may be appropriate in some research contexts. The document also emphasizes that determining an appropriate sample size and addressing potential sampling biases are important for obtaining reliable and valid results.

Uploaded by

Mursel Cabbarli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan State Economic University

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Topic: Choosing samples from populations
Choosing samples from populations is a
fundamental step in many research studies
and surveys. It involves selecting a subset of
individuals or elements from a larger
population to gather data and draw inferences
about the population as a whole. Proper
sampling techniques are crucial to ensure the
representativeness and generalizability of the
findings. This article will discuss various
methods and considerations for choosing
samples from populations.
Random Sampling: Random sampling is widely
considered the gold standard in sampling
techniques. It involves randomly selecting
individuals from the population, giving every
individual an equal chance of being chosen.
Stratified Sampling: Stratified sampling involves
dividing the population into distinct subgroups or
strata based on certain characteristics (e.g., age,
gender, location) and then randomly selecting
individuals from each stratum.
Cluster Sampling: Cluster sampling
involves dividing the population into
clusters or naturally occurring groups (e.g.,
schools, neighborhoods) and randomly
selecting entire clusters to include in the
sample. This approach can be more
practical and cost-effective when the
population is geographically dispersed or
when it is challenging to obtain a list of all
individuals in the population. Cluster
sampling requires careful consideration of
the intra-cluster homogeneity and inter-
cluster heterogeneity to maintain the
representativeness of the sample.
Convenience Sampling: Convenience
sampling involves selecting individuals who are
easily accessible or readily available for
participation. While this method is convenient
and quick, it is prone to bias and may not
accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is often used in
preliminary or exploratory studies but should be
interpreted with caution and its limitations
acknowledged.
Purposive Sampling: Purposive sampling,
also known as judgmental or selective sampling,
involves deliberately selecting individuals who
possess specific characteristics or meet certain
criteria relevant to the research objectives.
This approach is useful in qualitative research or
when studying rare or unique cases. Purposive
sampling allows researchers to focus on specific
subgroups within the population, but it may limit
generalizability to the larger population.
Sampling Size: Determining the appropriate
sample size is essential to ensure the reliability and
validity of the findings. A larger sample size generally
provides more precise estimates and increases the
statistical power of the study. Sample size calculation
depends on various factors, including the desired level
of confidence, the variability of the population, the
effect size of interest, and the specific statistical tests
or analyses to be conducted.
Sampling Bias and Error: Sampling bias
occurs when certain individuals or groups in
the population have a higher or lower chance of
being included in the sample, leading to results
that do not accurately reflect the population.
Common sources of sampling bias include non-
response bias, self-selection bias, and sampling
frame bias. Researchers must be aware of
potential biases and employ appropriate
sampling techniques to minimize their impact.
In conclusion, choosing samples from
populations requires careful consideration of
various sampling techniques and considerations.
Random sampling methods, such as simple random
sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling,
are widely used to ensure representativeness and
reduce bias. However, convenience sampling and
purposive sampling may be used in specific research
contexts. Determining an appropriate sample size
and addressing potential sampling biases are critical
for obtaining reliable and valid results. By
employing sound sampling methods, researchers can
gather data that effectively represents the
population of interest and draw meaningful
inferences from their research studies or surveys.
References

1. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology:


Methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Age
International.
2. Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.).
John Wiley & Sons.
3. Levy, P. S., & Lemeshow, S. (2013). Sampling of
populations: Methods and applications (4th ed.). John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Groves, R. M., Fowler Jr, F. J., Couper, M. P.,
Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2009).
Survey methodology (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
5. Lohr, S. L. (2019). Sampling: Design and analysis (3rd
ed.). Cengage Learning.
6. Thompson, S. K. (2012). Sampling (3rd ed.). John
Wiley & Sons.

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