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Discrete Random

This document discusses discrete random variables and discrete probability distributions. It provides examples of discrete random variables like the number of spots on a die and defines a discrete probability distribution as consisting of the possible values a random variable can assume and their probabilities. It also discusses concepts like binomial experiments, binomial probability distributions, expectation/expected value, and variance.

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Jia Ali
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16 views

Discrete Random

This document discusses discrete random variables and discrete probability distributions. It provides examples of discrete random variables like the number of spots on a die and defines a discrete probability distribution as consisting of the possible values a random variable can assume and their probabilities. It also discusses concepts like binomial experiments, binomial probability distributions, expectation/expected value, and variance.

Uploaded by

Jia Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Discrete Random Variable

&
Discrete Probability Distribution
Discrete Random Variable
 Variable is defined as a characteristic or attribute that can assume different
values.
 A random variable is a variable whose values are determined by chance .
 A discrete random variable is a variable that can take on a finite number of
different values.

 Example#1: If a die is rolled, a letter such as X can be used to represent the


outcomes. Then the value that X can assume is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6,
corresponding to the outcomes of rolling a single die.
 Example#2: If two coins are tossed, a letter, say Y, can be used to
represent the number of heads, in this case 0, 1, or 2.
Discrete Probability Distribution
• A discrete probability distribution consists of the values a random
variable can assume and the corresponding probabilities of the values.
• Example: three coins are tossed, the sample space is represented as
TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH; and if X is the random variable
for the number of heads, then X assumes the value 0, 1, 2, or 3.
Example:
• The baseball World Series is played by the winner of the National
League and the American League. The first team to win four games wins
the World Series. In other words, the series will consist of four to seven
games, depending on the individual victories. The data shown consist of
40 World Series events. The number of games played in each series is
represented by the variable X. Find the probability P(X) for each X,
construct a probability distribution, and draw a graph for the data.
Mean of probability distribution

• Example: Find the mean of the number of spots that appear when a
die is tossed.
Exp-2
Variance of a probability dist.
Example-1

• A box contains 5 balls. Two are numbered 3, one is numbered 4, and two
are numbered 5. The balls are mixed and one is selected at random.
After a ball is selected, its number is recorded. Then it is replaced. If the
experiment is repeated many times, find the variance and standard
deviation of the numbers on the balls.
Example-2
Expectation/Expected value
• In probability and statistics, the expectation or expected value, is
the weighted average value of a random variable. 
• We expect to get the average when we are conducting a probability
experiment.

Example: A special six-sided die is made in which 3 sides have 6 spots, 2


sides have 4 spots, and 1 side has 1 spot. If the die is rolled, find the
expected value of the number of spots that will occur?
Binomial Experiment: Definition
A binomial experiment is an experiment that has the following four
properties:
• 1. The experiment consists of n repeated trials. The number n can be any
amount. For example, if we flip a coin 100 times, then n = 100. 
• 2. Each trial has only two possible outcomes. We often call outcomes either
a “success” or a “failure” but a “success” is just a label for something we’re counting.
For example, when we flip a coin we might call a head a “success” and a tail a
“failure.”
• 3. The probability of success, denoted p, remains same for each trial.

• 4. Each trial is independent. This simply means that the outcome of one trial
does not affect the outcome of another trial. For example, suppose we flip a coin and it
lands on heads. The fact that it landed on heads doesn’t change the probability that it
will land on heads on the next flip. Each flip (i.e. each “trial”) is independent.
Binomial Probability distribution

• A probability distribution that has only two outcomes: success & failure
Notations:
 n: number of trials repeated
 p: the probability of a successful outcome in a single trail.
 q: the probability of a failure
X : the number of successes that occur in the n-trails.
P(X): the probability of getting “X” successes .
Example: Flip a coin 1000 times & getting 600 heads.
Here n=1000; Success is “getting heads” ; p=0.50; q=0.50; X=600
Note: Difference between p & X: X is the number of successes we are interested in &
p is the probability of a single trail.
Example-1: [Weighted Die]
• A probability of rolling a die and getting ‘4’ is 30%. The die is rolled 10-
times, find the probability of getting
i. exactly 8 4’s?
ii. At most 8 4’s?
Solution:
Here n=10;
Success(trail by trail based): Getting a ‘4’
Failure: Getting 1,2,3,5,6.
p=0.3; q=1-p=0.7
X=8; P(8)=? …
Example-2: [Cards]
• You draw 7 cards with replacement, you win the game if you get
a) At least 5 hearts
b) Exactly 4 hearts
c) At most 3 hears
d) More than 2 hearts
e) Less than 6 hearts
Solution:
N=7; Success: Getting a heart; Failure: Getting other than heart
p=13/52=0.25; q=39/52=0.75
X=5,6,7

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