Technology in Action

16th Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 2
Looking at Computers:
Understanding the Parts

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

Learning Objectives (1 of 3)
1. Describe the four main functions of a computer
system and how they interact with data and
information.
2. Define bits and bytes, and describe how they
are measured, used, and processed.
3. List common types of computers, and discuss
their main features.
4. Identify the main types of keyboards and
touch screens.
5. Describe the main types of mice and pointing
devices.
6. Explain how images, sounds, Copyright
and sensor data
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Learning Objectives (2 of 3)
7. Describe options for outputting images and audio
from computing devices.
8. Describe various types of printers, and explain
when you would use them.
9. Describe the functions of the motherboard and
RAM.
10. Explain the main functions of the CPU.
11. Describe the various means of storing
data and information with computing devices.

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Learning Objectives (3 of 3)
12. Describe common types of ports used today.
13. Describe how to manage power consumption on
computing devices.
14. Define ergonomics, and discuss the ideal
physical setup for using computing
devices.

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Understanding Your Computer
Computers are Data Processing Devices
(Objective 2.1)

Computer performs four major functions

1. Input: Gathers data, allows entering data
2. Process: Manipulates, calculates, or
organizes data
3. Output: Displays data and
information
4. Storage: Saves data and
information

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Strictly defined, a computer is a data
processing device that performs four major
functions:
–1. Input: It gathers data, or allows users
to enter data.
–2. Process: It manipulates, calculates, or
organizes that data into information.
–3. Output: It displays data and
information in a form suitable for the user.
–4. Storage: It saves data and information
for later use.
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Understanding Your Computer
Binary: The Language of Computers
(Objective 2.2)

• Bit
–Binary digit
– 0 or 1
• Byte
–Unique combinations of 8 bits of 0s and 1s
• Kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes,
and petabytes
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• Computers need a language they
understand. Binary language consists of
two digits: 0 and 1.
• Each 0 and 1 is a binary digit, or bit for
short. Eight binary digits (or bits) combine
to create one byte.
• In computers, each letter, number, and
special character consists of a unique
combination of eight bits.
• Files can be quite large, containing
thousands or millions of bytes.
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Understanding Your Computer
Types of Computers
(Objective 2.3)

• Cell phones
• Tablets
• Laptops and their
variants
• Stationary

computers

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Input Devices
Physical Keyboards and Touch Screens
(Objective 2.4)

• Used to enter data and instructions

• Examples
–Keyboard
–Touch screen
–Stylus
–Virtual keyboard

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Input Devices
Mice and Other Pointing
Devices
(Objective 2.5)

• Mouse

• Touch pad (trackpad)

• Game controllers

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Input Devices
Image, Sound, and Sensor Input
(Objective 2.6)

• Popular for images

–Digital cameras
–Camcorders
–Mobil device cameras
–Flatbed scanners
–Webcams
• Popular for sound
–Microphone with voice recognition software
• Sensors
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• Popular input devices for images include:
• Digital cameras
• Camcorders
• Mobil device cameras
• Flatbed scanners
• Webcams
• Popular input devices for sound are:
• Microphone with voice recognition software
• Various sensors are also used to detect or
measure things

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Output Devices
Image and Audio Output (1 of 3)
(Objective 2.7)

• Send data out of the computer in the form of:

–Text
–Pictures
–Sounds
–Video
• Examples
–Monitors
–Printers
–Speakers and headphones/earbuds
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• An output device lets you send processed
data out of your computer in the form of
text, pictures, sounds, or video.
• The most common output device is a
monitor, which displays text, graphics, and
video as soft copies (copies you can see
only on-screen).
• Another common output device is a printer,
which creates hard copies—copies you can
touch—of text and graphics.
• Speakers and headphones (or earbuds) are
the output devices for sounCodpy.right © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
Output Devices
Image and Audio Output (2 of 3)
(Objective 2.7)

• Types of display screens

–Liquid crystal display (LCD)
–Light-emitting diode (LED)
–Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
• How they work
–Pixels
–Aspect ratio
–Resolution
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The most common monitor is a liquid crystal display (LCD),
also called a flat-panel monitor. It is light and energy-efficient.
• Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is more energy-
efficient and has better color accuracy and thinner panels
than LCD monitors.
• Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays use organic
compounds that produce light when exposed to an electric
current. Unlike LCDs and LEDs, OLEDs do not require a
backlight and therefore draw less power and have a thinner
display.
• How they work:
• Pixels refer to picture elements.
• Aspect ratio is the relationship between the height and width
of the screen.
• Resolution is the amount of pixels that can be displayed.
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Output Devices
Image and Audio Output (3 of 3)
(Objective 2.7)

• Speaker
–Output device for sound
–Surround-sound speakers
–Wireless speaker systems

• Headphones or earbuds
–Hearing might be damaged by excessive
volume when using earbuds
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• Most computers include inexpensive speakers.
These speakers are sufficient to play audio clips
from the web and enable you to participate in
videoconferencing or phone calls made over the
Internet.
• A surround-sound speaker is a system of speakers
and audio processing that envelops the listener in a
360-degree field of sound.
• Wireless speaker systems are available to help you
avoid cluttering up your rooms with speaker wires.
• Headphones or earbuds plug into the same jack to
which speakers connect. Hearing might be
damaged by excessive volume when using
earbuds.
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Output Devices
Printers (1 of 2)
(Objective 2.8)

• Inkjet
–Affordable
–High-quality color
–Quick and quiet
• Laser
–Faster printing speed
– Higher-quality
printouts
–More
expensive Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
• Inkjet printers are affordable and produce
high-quality color printouts quickly and
quietly. They spray tiny drops of ink onto
paper.
• Laser printers use laser beams and static
electricity to deliver toner onto the correct
areas of the page. Heat fuses the toner
to the page.

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.

Output Devices
Printers (2 of 2)
(Objective 2.8)

• Cloud-ready printers
• All-in-one printer
–Printer, scanner, copier, and fax
• Large format printer
–Prints oversize images
• 3D printer

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• An all-in-one printer combines the functions
of a printer, scanner, copier, and fax
machine into one machine and can use
either inkjet or laser technology.
• A large format printer prints oversize
pictures that require the drawing of precise
and continuous lines, such as maps and
architectural plans. Plotters provide a
greater level of precision than laser or inkjet
printers.
• A 3D printer is used to print three-
dimensional models.
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 Types of Printer
• Laser

• Ink Jet

• Dot Matrix

24
 Printer Performance
Speed: Paper Per Minute (PPM)
Quality (Resolution): Dots (or Pixel) per Inch (DPI or PPI)
Example:

Source: https://support.hp.com/us-en/document/c00312638#AbT5 25
‫)‪Multi Function Printer (MFP‬‬
‫ا‪88‬لطابع‪8‬ة متع‪8‬ددة ا‪88‬لوظائف‬

‫‪3-D Printer‬‬
‫الطابعة ثالثية األبعاد‬

‫‪26‬‬
Processing and Memory on the Motherboard
The Motherboard and Memory
(Objective 2.9)

• Motherboard
–CPU
–ROM, RAM, and cache
–Slots for expansion cards
–Sound/video cards
–Network interface card (NIC)

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
‫وحدة ا لمع ا لجة ا لمركزية‬

CPU Speed ‫س رعة ا لمع ا لج‬

Hertz (Hz)
KHz  1000 Hz
MHz  1000 KHz
GHz  1000 MHz
28
The motherboard is located inside the system unit
and contains the central electronic components
of the computer:
• The computer's processor (CPU)
• Read-only memory (ROM), random access
memory (RAM), and cache memory.
• Slots for expansion cards, which provide
additional functionality.
• Sound cards connect speakers and a
microphone. Video cards provide connections
for the monitor.
• The network interface card (NIC) enables a
computer to connect with other computers and
provides high-speed Internet connections.
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Processing and Memory on the Motherboard
Processing (1 of 2)
(Objective 2.10)

• Central processing unit (CPU) or processor

–“Brains” of the computer
–Controls all functions of the computer’s
components
–Processes all commands and
instructions
–Gigahertz (billions of tasks per second)

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• The central processing unit (CPU, or
processor) is sometimes referred to as the
“brains” of the computer because it controls
all the functions performed by the
computer’s other components and
processes all the commands issued to it by
software instructions.
• Current systems run at speeds measured in
gigahertz, or billions of machine cycles per
second.

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Processing and Memory on the Motherboard
Processing (2 of 2)
(Objective 2.10)

• CPU performance measures

–Processor speed measured in hertz (Hz)
▪Gigahertz (GHz)

–Number of cores
▪Single
▪Dual
▪Quad
▪Ten
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• Processor speed is measured in units of hertz.
Hertz is a measurement of machine cycles
per second.
• Current systems run at speeds measured in
gigahertz, or billions of machine cycles per
second. Therefore, a 3.8 GHz processor performs
at 3.8 billion machine cycles per second.
• CPU performance is also affected by the number
of cores, or processing paths, the processor
has. Processors have been designed that have
two, four, and even ten cores.

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 Memory Types
Read Only
Memory

Secondary Storage
Random Access devices (e.g. HDD)
Memory
34
Storing Data and Information
Storage Options on Computing Devices (1 of
3)
(Objective 2.11)

• Local storage devices

–Hard disk drive
▪Primary storage device
▪Nonvolatile storage
▪Internal drive
▪External hard drive

–Solid-state drive (SSD)

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• The hard disk drive is your computer’s primary
device for permanent storage of software and
documents.
• Hard drives are nonvolatile storage devices.
• An internal hard drive resides in the unit and
holds all permanently stored programs and data.
• External hard drives reside outside the unit and
connect via a USB port.
• Solid-state drives have no moving parts, so
they’re more efficient, run with no noise, emit little
heat, and require little power.

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Storing Data and Information
Storage Options on Computing Devices (2 of
3)
(Objective 2.11)

• Portable storage options

–Flash drive
–Flash memory card

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• A flash drive (jump drive, USB drive, or
thumb drive) uses solid-state flash memory,
storing information on an internal memory
chip.
• A flash memory card, such as an SD card
also uses solid-state flash memory.

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Storing Data and Information
Storage Options on Computing Devices (3 of
3)
(Objective 2.11)

• Cloud storage
–Files stored on the Internet
–Some amount is free
–Can purchase additional storage

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Cloud Storage

40
Connecting Peripherals to the Computer Ports
(Objective 2.12)

• Thunderbolt
–Transfer speeds up to 40 Gbps
• Universal serial bus (USB) port
–Transfer speeds of 10 Gbps
• Connectivity port
–Ethernet port
–Up to 10,000 Mbps
• HDMI port
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 Data Transfer Rate
‫لبيانات‬88‫لا‬8 ‫نتقا‬8‫رعة ا‬88‫س‬
(Bit per Second Bps)

Bit = 0 or 1
Bit per Second (Bps) = ‫ب تف يا لثانية‬
Kilo bit per Second (KBpS) = 1000
Mega bit per Second (MBpS) = 1000KBpS
Giga bit per Second (GBpS) (GB) = 1000 MBpS 42
• Thunderbolt provides a transfer rate of 40 Gbps.
• Universal serial bus (USB) ports are used to
connect input and output devices to computers.
• The USB 3.1 standard provides transfer speeds
of 10 Gbps and charges devices faster than
previous USB ports.
• Connecting computers can be done through an
Ethernet port with transfer speeds of 10,000
Mbps
• HDMI ports are used for high definition audio and
video.

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Power Management and Ergonomics
Power Controls and Power Management
(Objective 2.13)

• Battery drain

• Power supply

• Sleep mode

• Warm/cold boot

• Hibernate

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• For portable devices, it is important to know
which devices drain the battery the most.
• The computer’s power supply provides power
for the devices.
• In sleep mode, all documents in RAM stay in
RAM when the computer is put to sleep.
• When a computer is restarted, it is called a
warm boot. When the computer is started from
a powered down state, it is referred to as a
cold boot.
• When a computer hibernates, it stores all the
documents from RAM on the hard drive.
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Power Management and Ergonomics
Setting It All Up: Ergonomics (1 of
2)
(Objective 2.14)

• Ergonomics
• Guidelines
–Monitor position
–Adjustable chair
–Proper typing position
–Breaks
–Adequate lighting

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• Ergonomics deals with the design and
location of machines and furniture so that
the people using them are not subjected to
an uncomfortable or unsafe experience.
• These guidelines can help keep you
comfortable and productive:
• Position your monitor correctly.
• Purchase an adjustable chair.
• Assume a proper position while
typing.
• Take breaks from computer tasks.
• Ensure that the lighting is
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 Health & Ergonomics
‫ا لصحة و ب يئة ا لعمل‬
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wd4DQqi
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Power Management and Ergonomics
Setting It All Up: Ergonomics
(Objective 2.14)

• Assistive (adaptive) technologies

–Voice recognition or special keyboards for
visually impaired
–Special trackballs for users with motor control
issues

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Assistive (or adaptive) technologies are products,
devices, equipment, or software that are used to
maintain, increase, or improve the functional
capabilities of individuals with disabilities.
• For visually impaired users and individuals who
cannot type with their hands, voice recognition is
a common option. For those users whose visual
limitations are less severe, keyboards with
larger keys are available.
• Users with motor control issues may have
difficulty with pointing devices. To aid such
users, special trackballs are available that can
be manipulated with one finger and can be
attached to almost any surface, including a
wheelchair. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd.
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