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Structural Engg. Lecture 4

This document discusses force-displacement relationships in structural engineering. It covers linear elastic systems where force is directly proportional to displacement, and inelastic systems where the relationship is nonlinear. Examples are given of calculating the lateral stiffness of frames based on their geometry and properties.

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Mr. Danish Saeed
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24 views

Structural Engg. Lecture 4

This document discusses force-displacement relationships in structural engineering. It covers linear elastic systems where force is directly proportional to displacement, and inelastic systems where the relationship is nonlinear. Examples are given of calculating the lateral stiffness of frames based on their geometry and properties.

Uploaded by

Mr. Danish Saeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Lecture 4

Engr. Danish Saeed


Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
KFUEIT, RYK
Introduction to Structural Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering
Force Displacement Relation
• Consider the system shown in figure 4.1(a) with no dynamic excitation
subjected to an externally applied static force fS along the DOF u as shown.
• The internal force resisting the displacement u is equal and opposite to the
external force fS as shown in figure 4.1(b).

Figure 4.1
Force Displacement Relation
• It is desired to determine the relationship between the force fS and the
relative displacement u associated with deformations in the structure during
oscillatory motion.
• This force–displacement relation would be linear at small deformations but
would become nonlinear at larger deformations.
• Both nonlinear and linear relations are considered as shown in figure 4.1(c)
and (d).
Force Displacement Relation

Figure 4.1
Force Displacement Relation
Linearly Elastic Systems
• For a linear system the relationship between the lateral force fS and resulting
deformation u is linear, that is,

• where k is the lateral stiffness of the system; its units are force/length.

• This linear relationship implies that fS is a single-valued function of u (i.e.,


the loading and unloading curves are identical).
• Such a system is said to be elastic; hence we use the term linearly elastic
system to emphasize both properties.
Force Displacement Relation
• Consider the frame of figure 4.2(a) with bay width L, height h, elastic
modulus E, and second moment of the cross-sectional area (or moment of
inertia)† about the axis of bending = Ib and Ic for the beam and columns,
respectively.
• The columns are clamped (or fixed) at the base.
• The lateral stiffness of the frame can readily be determined for two extreme
cases:
• If the beam is rigid [i.e., flexural rigidity EIb =∞] shown in figure 4.2(b).

• On the other hand, for a beam with no stiffness [i.e., EIb = 0 (Fig. 4.2(c))]
Force Displacement Relation

Figure 4.2
Force Displacement Relation
Example
• Calculate the lateral stiffness for the frame shown in figure, assuming the
elements to be axially rigid.
Example
• This structure can be analysed by any of the standard methods, including
moment distribution.
• Here we use the definition of stiffness influence coefficients to solve the
problem.
• The system has the three DOFs.
Example
• To obtain the first column of the 3 × 3 stiffness matrix, we impose unit
displacement in DOF u1, with u2 = u3 = 0.
• The forces ki1 required to maintain this deflected shape are shown in figure.
Example
• The elements ki2 in the second column of the stiffness matrix are determined
by imposing u2 = 1 with u1 = u3 = 0; as shown below.
Example
• Similarly, the elements ki3 in the third column of the stiffness matrix can be
determined by imposing displacements u3 = 1 with u1 = u2 = 0.
• Thus the 3 × 3 stiffness matrix of the structure is known and the equilibrium
equations can be written.
• For a frame with Ib = Ic subjected to lateral force fS, they are
Example
• In equation form these equations can be written as;
Example
• Last two equations can be re written as;

Multiplying second equation by 6 and subtracting from first equation;

Substituting in any one of above equation


Example
• Substituting these values in first equation;

Thus the lateral stiffness of the frame is;


Force Displacement Relation
Inelastic systems:
• Determined by experiments, the force–deformation relation for a structural
steel component undergoing cyclic deformations expected during
earthquakes is shown in figure 4.3.
• The initial loading curve is nonlinear at the larger amplitudes of
deformation, and the unloading and reloading curves differ from the initial
loading branch; such a system is said to be inelastic.
Force Displacement Relation

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