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Unit 5 PLSQL

The document provides an overview of PL/SQL including: - PL/SQL extends SQL by adding control structures like loops and conditionals. - It allows sending blocks of statements to the database reducing network traffic. - The PL/SQL engine resides on the Oracle server and compiles PL/SQL blocks. - PL/SQL supports programming concepts like variables, constants, conditions, loops, procedures, functions, exceptions and more. - Procedures perform actions while functions compute values and return them.

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Parth Jadhav
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39 views41 pages

Unit 5 PLSQL

The document provides an overview of PL/SQL including: - PL/SQL extends SQL by adding control structures like loops and conditionals. - It allows sending blocks of statements to the database reducing network traffic. - The PL/SQL engine resides on the Oracle server and compiles PL/SQL blocks. - PL/SQL supports programming concepts like variables, constants, conditions, loops, procedures, functions, exceptions and more. - Procedures perform actions while functions compute values and return them.

Uploaded by

Parth Jadhav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PL/SQL

-Ashu Mehta
Database Systems
INTRODUCTION
PL/SQL stands for procedural language/structured
query language
It is an extension of the SQL language
It is the superset of structured query language
With the use of SQL user can only manipulate the
information stored in the database
PL/SQL extends SQL by adding control structures
found in other procedural languages.
Features of PL/SQL
PL/SQL allows sending an entire block of statements to
the database at one time.
 This reduces network traffic and provides high
performance for the applications.
Applications written in PL/SQL are fully portable.
PL/SQL provides access to predefined SQL packages.
PL/SQL provides support for Object-Oriented
Programming.
PL/SQL provides support for Developing Web
Applications and Server Pages.
Architecture of pl/sql
Pl/sql engine executes pl/sql blocks.
Pl/sql engine executes only the procedural statements
and send the sql statements to sql statement executor
in the oracle server
Pl/sql engine resides in the oracle server
The call to the oracle engine needs to be made only
once to execute any number of sql statements
Since the oracle engine is called only one for each
block, resulting increased speed of processing as
compared to call for each sql sentence.
Structure of PL/SQL Language
Consist of following sections
Declare(optional)
 Used to declare variables and constants
 Is an optional section

Begin(required)
 It is the executable section containing the code which is
executed when block is run
Exception(optional)
 Handles exceptions occurring during processing
 Is an optional section.

End;(required)
PL/SQL block types
PL/SQL operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Variable Declaration
DECLARE
a number := 10;
b number := 20;
c number;
Declaring a Constant
 PI CONSTANT NUMBER := 3.141592654;
Example Program
DECLARE
message varchar2(30):= ‘Hello World’;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line(message);
END;
Read a value during runtime
Num:= :num;
This will produce a message on screen
Enter the value of NUM:
User can enter any value at run time to NUM.
Example-
Declare
a number(2);
b number (2);
c number(2);
Begin
a:= :a;
b:= :b;
c:= a+b;
dbms_output.put_line(‘sum=‘ || c);
End;
Select into
Used to fetch values from some existing tables.
Syntax-
Select column_name into variable_name from table_name
where condition;
Example-
declare
name varchar(10);
begin
select first_name into name from student where r_no=1;
dbms_output.put_line(name);
end;
Control statements
Conditional / selection
Iterative
Sequence
Conditional / selection

IF condition then
Sequence of statements;
Else
Sequence of statements;
End if;
Example-
Declare
Num1 number(2);
Num2 number(2);
Begin
Num1:= :num1;
Num2:= :num2;
If num1>num2 then
dbms_output.put_line(‘greater number is:=‘ || num1);
Else
dbms_output.put_line(‘greater number is:=‘ || num2);
End if;
End;
Iterative
Loop
While – loop
For-loop
Loop
Sequence of statements;
Exit when condition;
End loop;
Loop Example-
Declare
i number(2);
Begin
i:=1;
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line(i);
i:=i+1;
Exit when i>10;
End loop;
End;
While Loop Example-
Declare
A number(2);
Begin
A:=1;
While a<=10
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line(a*a);
A:=a+1;
End loop;
End;
For loop Example-
Declare
Total number(4);
Begin
For i in 1..10
Loop
Total:=2*i;
Dbms_output.put_line(‘2*’||i||’=‘||total);
End loop;
End;
Go To Example-
Declare
Num1 number(2);
Num2 number(2);
Begin
Num1:=&num1;
Num2:=&num2;
If num1> num2 then
Goto p1;
Else
Goto p2;
End if;
<<p1>>
Dbms_output.put_line(‘num1 is bigger’);
Goto p3;
<<p2>>
Dbms_output.put_line(‘num2 is bigger’);
<<p3>>
Dbms_output.put_line(‘End of Program ‘);
End;
Subprograms
Named pl/sql blocks that can accept parameters and
be invoked are called as subprograms.
Two types
Procedure
Function

Stored procedure: a procedure that has been compiled


and stored in any of the oracle engine’s system table.
Procedure Vs Function
A procedure or a function is a group of sql and pl/sql
statements that is used to perform a specific task.
A procedure is used to perform an action whereas a
function is used to compute a value.
A procedure may return no value whereas a function
must return a value.
Why do we use subprograms?
Modularity: It allows a programmer to divide a
program into more than one well defined units called
modules.

Reusability: it enables a subprogram to be used in


any number of applications.
Procedure
Declare
Global variables declaration;
Procedure procedure name
(Arguments IN/OUT/IN OUT data types)
IS/AS
Variable and constant declaration;
Begin
PL/SQL statements;
Exception
Statements;
End procedure name;
Begin
Executable statements;
Procedure calling;
End;
Procedure- example
declare
num1 number(2);
num2 number(2);
mul number(4);
procedure multiplication (num1 in number, num2 in number, mul out number)is
begin
mul:=num1*num2;
end multiplication;
begin
num1:=:num1;
num2:=:num2;
multiplication(num1, num2, mul);
dbms_output.put_line(mul);
end;
Stored procedure- Example
create or replace procedure addition(num1 in number,
num2 in number, sum1 out number)
is
begin
sum1:=num1+num2;
end;
declare
num1 number(4);
num2 number(4);
sum1 number(4);
begin
num1:=:num1;
num2:=:num2;
addition(num1, num2, sum1);
dbms_output.put_line(sum1);
end;
Function
Declare
Global variables declaration;
Function Function name
(Arguments IN data types…….)
Return data type
IS/AS
Variable and constant declaration;
Begin
PL/SQL statements;
Exception
Statements;
End function name;
Begin
Executable statements;
Function calling;
End;
Function-Example
Declare
Num1 number(2);
Num2 number(2);
Mul number(4);
Function multiplication(num1 in number, num2 in number)
Return number is mul number;
Begin
Mul:=num1 * num2;
Return(mul);
End multiplication;
Begin
Num1:=:num1;
Num2:=num2;
Mul:=multiplication(num1, num2);
Dbms_output.put_line(mul);
End;
Function-Example
Declare
Fact number(4);
N number(2);
Function factorial(n in number)
Return number is I number(2);
Begin
Fact:=1;
For I in 1..n loop
Fact:=fact*I;
End loop;
Return(fact);
End factorial;
Begin
N:=:n;
Fact:=factorial(n);
Dbms_output.put_line(fact);
End;
%TYPE
Provide the data type of a variable or column.
Example-
 sal employee.salary%TYPE;
Example-
Declare
a emp.ta%TYPE;
b emp.da%TYPE;
t emp.total%TYPE;
Begin
Select ta,da into a,b from emp where emp_id=12;
t:=a+d;
Update emp set total =t where empid=12;
End;
%ROWTYPE
%ROWTYPE has all properties of %TYPE and one
additional that we required only one variable to access
any number of columns.
Example-
dept_rec dept%ROWTYPE; -- declaring record variable.
detp_rec.deptno;
dept_rec.deptname; -- accessing coloums
Declare
Record1 emp%ROWTYPE;
Begin
Select * into record1 from emp where empid=12;
Record1.total:=record1.ta+record1.da;
Update emp set total=record1.total where empid=12;
End;
Exception handling- example
create table emp(id int, name varchar(10));
insert into emp values(502, 'a');
insert into emp values(502, 'a');
insert into emp values(502, 'a');
declare
n emp.name%type;
begin
select name into n from emp where id=502;
dbms_output.put_line('empname :='||n);
exception
when too_many_rows then
dbms_output.put_line('more than one row returned');
end;
Exception handling- example
declare
a number;
b number;
c number;
e exception;
begin
a:=:a;
b:=:b;
if b=0 then
raise e;
end if;
c:=a/b;
dbms_output.put_line('result='||c);
exception when e then
dbms_output.put_line('error!- your divisor is zero');
end;

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