Growth
• Increase in the number of cells,
connective tissue, bones, muscles, organ
systems and others
• Increase in physical size
o Body height or weight
o Head circumference
Factors affecting growth
and development
• Internal • External
– Race, ethnics – Nutrition
– Genetic: parents, grandparents – Diseases
– Intrauterine process: nutrition, – Pollution
disease, drugs, pollution, toxin – Exercise
– Gender – Emotion
– Age
– Genetic
– Chromosome abnormalities
Development
• Maturation of organ systems, especially
the brain and the muscular nervous
system
• Maturation of all organ functions:
o SENSORY : hearing, sight o SOCIO-EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIOUR
o MOTOR : fine motoric, gross motoric o SELF HELP
o CREATIVITY
o COGNITIVE : knowledge, intellegence
o LEADERSHIP
o COMMUNICATIN/LANGUAGE
o SPIRITUAL
Growth and development go simultaneously
Development is the result of the interaction of the
maturity of the central nervous system with organs
it influences
Child’s Growth and Development Period
1. Prenatal/ Intrauterine Phase
• Zygote: conception - 2 weeks
• Embrio : 2 - 8/12 weeks
• Fetusl: 9/12 weeks – end of gestation
Early fetus: 9 weeks – 2nd trimester
Late fetus: end of trimester
2. Infant Phase: 0-11 months
• Neonates : 0 – 28 days
Early : 0- 7 days
Late : 8- 28 days
Adaptation to the environment and blood circulation adjustment
• Post natal : 29 days – 11 months
central nervous system function
3. Toddler: 12-29 months
Growth and development of brain cells happened on the first three years of life
4. Pre-school: 60-72 months
Child friendly environment is crucial in this phase
Why you need to monitor child growth &
development?
• Defines the quality of next generation age 0-3 years old = peak of
brain development
• Developmental and behavior disorders must be detected from early
stages, especially age < 3 years old
• Delayed detection delayed management difficult to manage
Monitoring Child Growth & Development
• Who needs to be monitor?
o All children
o Especially high risk baby
• Who’s monitoring?
o Parents, nurse/midwife, doctor (pre-screening)
o High risk group: pediatrician
• How?
o Weigh & measurement
o Pre screening tools: KPSP, KIA books, KMS, PEDS, etc
o Screening tools: Denver II, ASQ
Monitoring Child Growth & Development
• When?
o When healthy
o As early as possible until teenager
• Where?
o Hospital, puskesmas
• Interpretation?
o Suspect delayed growth & development refer assesment
o
• Next step?
o Evaluation & intervention
MACRO
CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ROLE OF ENVIRONMENT FULFILL THE
MESO
BASIC NEEDS
MINI
MICRO
MOTHER, SUBSTITUTE
FATHER, SIBLINGS, CAREGIVER, TOYS,
STIMULATION
HEALTH AND EDUCATION SERVICES
WHO, UNICEF, GOVERNMENT,
PROFESSIONAL POLICY
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS
Basic Needs
Biological Psychosocial and Stimulation
Emotional (since 6 month of gestation)
• Carbohydrate, protein,
fat, vitamin, and mineral • Affection from parents • Sensory, motoric, cognitive,
communication
balance • Parenting: democracy, • Language, socio-emotion,
• Immunization dictator, permissive, independence, creativity,
• Hygiene uninvolved teamwork, religion, and
• Physical activity • Attention leadership
• Medical service • Care • Repetitive experiences:
parental voice, music,
• Protection movement, touch, talk, sing,
• Help play, brain teaser, write, draw
• Reward
• Role model
Growth and Development
Monitoring
• Age < 1 year old: every months
• Age 1-3 years old: every 3 months
• Age 3-5 years old: every six months
• Age > 5 years old: every year
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