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Lesson 1 - Organic Compound

Organic compounds contain carbon, while most inorganic compounds do not. Organic compounds can be classified into hydrocarbons and functional groups. The three main types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ based on their level of saturation. Common functional groups include alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, esters, and ethers. These groups impact the reactivity and properties of organic molecules.

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85 views

Lesson 1 - Organic Compound

Organic compounds contain carbon, while most inorganic compounds do not. Organic compounds can be classified into hydrocarbons and functional groups. The three main types of hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ based on their level of saturation. Common functional groups include alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, esters, and ethers. These groups impact the reactivity and properties of organic molecules.

Uploaded by

Freshiee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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organic compounds always

have a carbon atom, while most


of the inorganic compounds do
not contain a carbon atom in
them.
1
Organic
compounds
LESSON OBJECTIVE

 At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:


- Recognize and Classify the general classes and uses of
organic compounds.
OUTLINE
 The Functional Groups: Properties and
 Definition of Organic Compounds
Applications
 The Hydrocarbons: Properties and  Alkyl Halides
Applications
 Alcohols
 Alkanes
 Aldehydes and Ketones
 Alkenes
 Carboxylic Acids
 Alkynes
 Amines
 Esters
 Ethers
What are Organic Compounds?
Organic compounds are any chemical
compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen
bonds
These compounds are those which have
traces of CARBON, traces of LIFE
Organic
compounds
Therefore, it can form either single, double,
or triple bond with other carbon in an
organic compound
What are Hydrocarbons?
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is
an organic compound consisting
ENTIRELY of hydrogen and carbon.
3 TYPES OF
HYDROCARBONS
ALKANES
ALKANES
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS
GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n+2
Saturated with hydrogens

Straight Chains
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ALKANES
COMBUSTION
NAMING OF ALKANES
NAMING OF ALKENES
✘ Naming alkenes follows the same rules we discussed
earlier for the IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkanes.
✘ This is the brief summary of the steps:
✘ Step 1. Identify the parent chain.
✘ Step 2. Identify the substituents.
✘ Step 3. Number the parent chain. 
✘ Step 4. Put everything together having the substituents in
alphabetical order.

21
EXAMPLE OF ALKANES
ALKENES
ALKENES
UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS
GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n
Not saturated with hydrogens

Straight Chains
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
ALKENES

 Relatively stable compounds but are MORE


REACTIVE than alkanes due to the presence of
carbon-carbon pi bond.
NAMING OF ALKENES
EXAMPLES OF ALKENES
ALKYNES
ALKYNES
UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS
GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n-2
Not saturated with hydrogens

Straight Chains
NAMING OF ALKYNES

 Same trend and prefixes as that of alkanes and


alkenes
 Instead of suffix –ane & -ene, suffix –yne is used
in naming alkynes.
EXAMPLE OF ALKYNES
SUMMARY OF THE
HYDROCARBONS
ACTIVITY 3: ISTG (I Should Take A Guess)

Procedure
Instructional
1. This short activity will be just like a flash oral quiz.
Material/s
2. Atomic Models, Chemical Formulas, or Structural
Formulas of hydrocarbons will be flashed and the
 PowerPoint
students will determine whether they are ALKANE,
ALKENE or ALKYNE.

GUESS THE
CORRECT
ANSWER
33
ALKANE, ALKENE, OR
ALKYNE?
34
CH4 35
ANSWER:

alkane 36
C2H2 37
ANSWER:

alkyne
38
39
ANSWER:

alkene
40
41
ANSWER:

alkyne
42
43
ANSWER:

alkane
44
C7H14
45
ANSWER:

alkene
46
THE FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS
What are Functional Groups?
Functional groups are specific substituents
within molecules that may be responsible
for the characteristic chemical reactions of
those molecules.
ALKYL HALIDES
ALKYL HALIDES
GENERAL FORMULA: R-X
r = alkyl group
X = halogen (F, Cl, Br, I)
Alkyl halides (also known as haloalkanes)
are compounds in which one or more
hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been
replaced by halogen atoms (fluorine,
chlorine, bromine or iodine).
NAMING OF ALKYL HALIDES
NAMING OF ALKYL HALIDES
Step 1. Find the parent chain. The longest possible chain consists of eight
carbons, so the parent chain is octane:
Step 2. Find the substituents. Here, we have three
substituents – two alkyl groups and a halide:

55
Step 3. Number the parent chain giving the lowest possible
numbers to the substituents. If there is a tie for the first locant,
compare the second and then the third locants.

56
Step 4. Put the parent chain and substituents together
by placing the substituents in alphabetical order:

Notice again, that in the


final name, the groups
are placed in alphabetical
order.
Even though Br is on
position 6, it is still place
before the other
substituents.

57
58
USES OF ALKYL HALIDES
ALCOHOL
ALCOHOLS
GENERAL FORMULA: R-OH
r = alkyl group
oh = hydroxyl group
Alcohol is an organic compound that
carries at least one hydroxyl functional
group bound to a saturated carbon atom.
NAMING OF ALCOHOLS
USES OF ALCOHOLS
USES OF ALCOHOLS
ALDEHYDES &
KETONES
ALDEHYDES
GENERAL FORMULA: RCHO
KETONES
GENERAL FORMULA: R2CO
r = alkyl group
h = hydrogen
c=o = carbonyl group
Aldehydes are any of a class of organic
compounds in which a carbon atom shares a
double bond with an oxygen atom, a single bond
with a hydrogen atom, and a single bond with
another atom or group of atoms (designated R in
general chemical formulas and structure
diagrams).
Ketone is a functional group with the
structure R₂C=O, where R can be a variety
of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones
contain a carbonyl group. The simplest
ketone is acetone, with the formula
CH₃CCH₃.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
NAMING OF ALDEHYDES AND
KETONES
USES OF ALDEHYDES AND
KETONES
USES OF ALDEHYDES AND
KETONES
USES OF ALDEHYDES AND
KETONES
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
CARBOXYLIC ACID
GENERAL FORMULA: RCOOH
r = alkyl group
oh = hydroxyl group
c=o = carbonyl group
(C=O-OH = carboxyl group)
A carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains
a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH) attached to an R-
group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is
R–COOH, with R referring to the alkyl group.
Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important
examples include the amino acids and fatty acids.
USES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
NOMENCLATURE

•In the IUPAC nomenclature, carboxylic


acids are named by adding a suffix to the
parent name of the longest chain. If the
parent chain is noncyclic, you need to first
find the longest carbon chain containing
the -COOH group and change the
suffix from “ane” to “oic acid” dropping
the “e” and the locant “1” in the final
name:
WHAT MIGHT BE THE NEXT
FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
AMINES
AMINES
GENERAL FORMULA: R-NHR’
r = alkyl group
nh = amino group / nitrogen-
containing group
Amines are compounds and functional groups
that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone
pair. Amines are formally derivatives of ammonia,
wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been
replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl
group.
NAMING OF
AMINES
•Step 1. Identify the longest
carbon chain bonded to the amine
nitrogen.
•Step 2. Identify the substituents.
•Step 3. Number the parent chain
giving the amine the lowest
locant
•Step 4. Put everything together
having the substituents in
alphabetical order.
USES OF AMINES
USES OF AMINES
ESTER
ESTER
GENERAL FORMULA: RCOOR’
r = alkyl group
O=C-O = ester link
Ester is an organic compound made by replacing
the hydrogen of an acid by an alkyl or other
organic group.
NAMING OF ESTERS
92
USES OF ESTERS
ETHER
ETHER
GENERAL FORMULA: ROR’
r = alkyl group
r-o-r’ = ether group
An ether group is an oxygen atom connected to
two alkyl or aryl groups.
NAMING OF ETHERS
1.Symmetrical ethers – Two identical
groups attached to either side of an
oxygen atom.
2.Asymmetrical ethers – Two different
groups attached to either side of an
oxygen atom.
The common nomenclature of ethers
follows the rule of naming different
alkyl/aryl groups attached to the oxygen
 atom on either side in alphabetical order
and finally adding the word ether to it.
USES OF ETHERS
ETHERS
SUMMARY OF THE HYDROCARBONS
SUMMARY OF THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
SUMMARY OF THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
This is the end of the
lesson. Thank You!

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