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Unit 2

This document provides an overview of lattice dynamics concepts covered in the Condensed Matter Physics course. Key topics covered include direct and reciprocal lattices, vibration modes of monoatomic and diatomic lattices, Born-von Karman cyclic conditions, quantization of lattice vibrations and phonon momentum, thermal resistivity, normal and Umklapp processes, lattice vibrations and specific heats in 3D lattices, density of phonon modes, lattice heat capacity, and inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons for neutron diffraction. Specific concepts like dispersion relations, vibrational modes of linear chains, and Born-von Karman boundary conditions are also discussed in detail.

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236 views

Unit 2

This document provides an overview of lattice dynamics concepts covered in the Condensed Matter Physics course. Key topics covered include direct and reciprocal lattices, vibration modes of monoatomic and diatomic lattices, Born-von Karman cyclic conditions, quantization of lattice vibrations and phonon momentum, thermal resistivity, normal and Umklapp processes, lattice vibrations and specific heats in 3D lattices, density of phonon modes, lattice heat capacity, and inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons for neutron diffraction. Specific concepts like dispersion relations, vibrational modes of linear chains, and Born-von Karman boundary conditions are also discussed in detail.

Uploaded by

Android Dot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Course Name : Condensed Matter Physics

Course code: SPHA5301


Batch : II M.Sc., Physics (2019-2021)
UNIT II
LATTICE DYNAMICS

Condensed Matter Physics (SPHA5301) 1


LATTICE DYNAMICS
• Direct and Reciprocal lattice.
• Vibration modes of mono and diatomic lattices- upper and lower branches
• Born-von Karman cyclic condition
• quantization of lattice vibration-phonon momentum.
• Thermal resistivity
• Normal and Umklapp process.
• Lattice vibrations and specific heats for three dimensional lattices
• Density of Phonon modes in 1D and 3D
• Lattice heat capacity
• Inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons-neutron diffraction
Direct Lattice
• Any repetitive and periodic distribution of
a set of objects (or motifs) can be
characterized, or described, by the
translations that repeat the set of objects
periodically. The implied translations generate
what we call a direct lattice (or real lattice).
video
• Summarizing:
Direct space (= real space) is the space where we live..., where
atoms are..., where crystals growth..., where we imagine the
direct lattices (= real lattices).
• Reciprocal space is a mathematical space constructed on the
direct space (= real space). It is the space where reciprocal lattices
are, which will help us to understand the crystal diffraction
phenomena. 
• “Big in direct space (= in real space)”, means “small in reciprocal
space”.
• “Small in direct space (= in real space)” means “big in reciprocal
space”.
Reciprocal lattice is same as Bravais Lattice
Hence Proved
Brillouin Zone and Wigner Seitz cell

A Brillouin zone is defined as Wigner seitz cell in the reciprocal lattice


Vibration modes of mono atomic lattice

M
F = kx
8
9 Sub. 9 in 8

10

11

12
• Dispersion relation
Vibrational mode of diatomic linear chain

M
m
• Two parts of derivation
• (i) n th atom
• (ii) n-1 th atom
+
nth atom
-- =

--

--
n-1 th atom
Born Von Karman cyclic conditions

----- (2.7)

Born–von Karman boundary conditions are periodic boundary


conditions which impose the restriction that a wave function must be
periodic on a certain Bravais lattice.
Ref. e ikr = 1 ------ (2.4)
Phonon Momentum / Resistivity of Phonons
• Two Phonon K1 and K2 (both are positive) can by umklapp give a
phonon of negative Kx after collision.

•The vector sum of K1 and k2 must extend beyond the first


boundaries of the first Brillouin Zone for a U -Process

• In Normal process K1+K2 = K3 ( G = 0)


• In U process K1+K2 = K3 + G
Scattering of Phonons by boundaries or Grains
Scattering of Phonon by imperfections
Debye/T law
3
13a
ex-1 = x

3
Ref 13a
Density of Phonon states

Length of the chain - L

Displacement is u

Time period is t

Both rep. as u (x,t)


displacement = velocity x time

n is the positive integer


A is the constant
Ref. Figure
3D Phonon states
n/L = k / pi
• Continuation in notes
• Anharmonicity- Notes – Lattice heat capacity
LATTICE DYNAMICS
• Direct and Reciprocal lattice.
• Vibration modes of mono and diatomic lattices- upper and lower branches
• Born-von Karman cyclic condition
• quantization of lattice vibration-phonon momentum.
• Thermal resistivity
• Normal and Umklapp process.
• Lattice vibrations and specific heats for three dimensional lattices
• Density of Phonon modes in 1D and 3D
• Lattice heat capacity
• Inelastic scattering of neutrons by phonons-neutron diffraction
Inelastic scattering of neutrons (INS) by phonons-neutron diffraction

 Advantage - CMP – to measure atomic and molecular motions – INS

During INS the neutron exchanges energy with the atoms in a


materials

It can absorb or emit energy equal to the Phonon energy

Energy of neutron – differs – before and after scattering – due to


energy transfer

This leads to measure – Phonon frequency

Phonon wave vectors – measurement – Triple axis spectrometer (TAS)


 TAS - Superior – INS

Phonon momentum K = Ki – Kf or K = Ki+ Kf

Energy transfer

 Experiment :

An incident neutron beam of well defined wave vector Ki is


selected from the white spectrum of the neutron source be the
monochromatic crystal (First axis)

The monochromatic beam is then scattered from the crystalline


sample (Second axis)

The intensity of the scattered beam with wave vector Kf is reflected


by the analyzer crystal ( third axis) on to the neutron detector

Energy transfer- during this process


Result
Problems
volume = mass/density
ALL THE BEST
• https://create.kahoot.it/details/cmp-quiz-3/11
4139be-6a66-4571-9dea-dc1e03c70135

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