DAY-2

CHAPTER 3

WORKING WITH DATABASES

AND TABLES
DDL commands (Data Definition Language)
• DDL statements are used to create, drop, or Alter the objects of a database.
DDL statements
• CREATE DATABASE
• CREATE TABLE
• CREATE INDEX
• CREATE PROCEDURE
• CREATE VIEW
• CREATE TRIGGER
• ALTER TABLE
• ALTER TRIGGER
• ALTER VIEW
• ALTER PROCEDURE
• DROP DATABASE
• DROP TABLE
• DROP TRIGGER
• DROP VIEW
• DROP PROCEDURE
Create database
Syntax:
CREATE DATABASE database_name
Example
CREATE DATABASE mydb1
(Or)
Database  right click  new data base
enter database name click ok
Create table
CREATE TABLE command creates a new table in the current database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table_name (column_name_1 data_type
[column_attributes],[column_name_2 data_type [column_attributes] ]
…………)
Example:
CREATE TABLE employee (Empid int, empname varchar (25), DOJ
datetime, deptno int, job varchar (20), salary numeric (9, 2))

Viewing table structure

EXEC sp_help <tablename>
Example:
EXEC sp_help employee
Querying the database
Alter table
ALTER TABLE statement is used to modify an existing table. We can
use this statement to add columns or constraints, Drop columns or
constraints or change of an existing column, including changing the
column’s Data Type.
To add a new column to a table:
ALTER TABLE tablename ADD new_column_name datatype [column
attributes],….
Adding a new column named gender to employee table:
ALTER TABLE employee ADD gender char (1)
When we add a new column to a table, it is placed to the right of
the last existing column. All fields in new column are initially NULL
or default value if any default value is assigned. To add more than
one column, use commas to separate each column from the next.
To drop an existing column:
• ALTER TABLE tablename DROP COLUMN_NAME
• ALTER TABLE employee DROP COLUMN deptno.
To modify an existing column:
• ALTER TABLE tablename ALTER COLUMN
Column_name new_data_type [null|NOT NULL]
Increasing the name column’s with
• ALTER TABLE tablename ALTER COLUMN
empname varchar (30)
Drop table
Tables that are not required can be deleted.
DROP table command removes a table from
the database. When a table is dropped from a
database, all the Data from the table is
deleted.
syntax
DROP TABLE tableName
Example
Drop table items
DML Commands
Adding row to a table
We can use INSERT statement to add a new row to a table.
Syntax
• INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,….)
You can also specify the columns for which you want to insert
data:
• INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,…) VALUES
(value1, value2,…)
Example
To provide values for all the columns in the table:
• INSERT INTO employee VALUES (111,’arun’, ‘5-nov-2003’,
10,’analyst’, 10500)
Select statement
SELECT COMMAND retrieves rows from the database and allows the
selection of one or many rows or columns from one or many tables.
Syntax: SELECT select_list FROM table_source
• Select clauses
• WHERE
• DISTINCT
• GROUP BY
• HAVING
• ORDER BY
• ASC| DESC
• COMPUTE
• INTO
• TOP
• ALL
Example:
• SELECT * from employee
• SELECT empname, job, salary from employee
Displaying specific columns with new column headings
Syntax
• SELECT column_name column_heading,…….. FROM
tablename (or)
• SELECT column_name as columnheading,…… FROM
tablename
• SELECT empid ‘employee id’, job ‘designation’ from
employee
Top clause
To limit the number of rows retrieved by a SELECT
statement.
Syntax
SELECT TOP [n | percent] column_list FROM tablename
Examples
To retrieve the first 5 records from an employee table
• SELECT TOP 5 * from employee
To retrieve the 5 percent of the total number of
records from employee table
• SELECT TOP 5 PERCENT * from employee
WHERE clause
Used to display selected rows from a table
based on condition
Syntax
SELECT select_list FROM table_name WHERE
condition
With the WHERE clause, the following operators
can be used:
OPERATORS
Operator Description
= Equal
<> Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
Like Search for a pattern
• Select * from employee WHERE job = ‘CLERK’
• Select empid, empname, job, salary from employee WHERE job =
‘CLERK’
Using comparison operators:
To retrieve those employees whose salary is greater than or equal
to 5000
• SELECT * from employee WHERE salary>=5000
To retrieve those employees who have joined before May 2013
• SELECT * from employee WHERE salary>= 5000
To display those employees those who have joined before May
2003
• SELECT * from employees WHERE doj < ‘1-May-2003’
To display those employees who are not working in department 20
• SELECT * from employees who are not working in department 20
• SELECT * from employee WHERE deptno <> 20
Using logical operators:
Using OR:
• SELECT * from employee where job=’CLERK’ OR
job=’”MANAGER”
• SELECT empid, empname, deptno, salary from
employee WHERE salary>4000 OR deprno=30
Using AND:
• SELECT * from employee WHERE salary >= 6000 AND
salary <= 10000
Using between:
• SELECT * from employee WHERE salary BETWEEN
6000 AND 10000
• SELECT * from employee WHERE doj between ‘1-
April-2002’ and ’30-march-2003’
USING IS NULL and IS NOT NULL:
• SELECT empname , job from employee WHERE deptno IS NULL
• SELECT empname , job from employee WHERE deptno IS NOT NULL.
Using IN
• SELECT * from employee WHERE job IN (‘CLERK’, ‘MANAGER’)
• SELECT * from employee WHERE job NOT IN (‘CLERK’, ‘MANAGER’)
Using LIKE
• Select * from employee where empname LIKE ‘A%’
(ie.. Anu, Aravind , Akash)
• Select * from employee where empname LIKE ‘BAL_’
(ie.. BALA, BALU etc)
• Select * from employee where empname LIKE ‘A[NRK]%’
(ie.. Anand, Aravind, Akash, Anu)
• Select * from employee where empname LIKE ‘A[B-K]%’
(ie.. Abirami , Akash, Adam, Afridi, Akila)
Updating Data in a table:
The UPDATE statement change Data in Existing Rows in a
Table. We can UPDATE statement to modify the contents
of single rows, group of rows or all the rows of a table.
Syntax:
• UPDATE table_name SET column_name1 = expression, [,
column_name2 = expression2] ……….[WHERE condition]
Example:
• UPDATE employee SET Deptno = 40 WHERE epid=121
• UPDATE employee SET salary = salary + 500 WHERE
JOB=’Accountant’
• UPDATE employee SET salary = salary + 250
• UPDATE employee SET empname =’Reena’,DOJ = ’13-
Jun-2004’, Deptno = 20 WHERE empid=113
Deleting Data from a Table
DELETE Statement is used to remove specific rows from a
table or all rows from a table.
Example:
• Delete from employee WHERE empid = 111
• Delete employee WHERE Doj < ‘1-April-2003’
• Delete from employee
Truncate table
Truncate table statement removes all rows from a table.
Truncate table is always faster than DELETE statement.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name
Example:
• TRUNCATE TABLE items
Order by clause
SELECT select_list FROM tablename ORDER BY
column_name | column_number ASC | DSC
• SELECT empname, job, salary from employee
ORDER BY salary ASC
• Select empname, job, deptno, salary from
employees ORDER BY 3 DESC
Ordering by multiple columns:-
• Select from employees ORDER BY empname,
salary
Eliminating duplicating rows:
DISTINCT clause
DISTINCT keyword is used to eliminate
DUPLICATE rows from a query’s output
SELECT DISTINCT Job from employees.
Syntax:
SELECT [ALL | DISTINCT] select_list FROM
tablename WHERE condition.
DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)
The DML language statements i.e., Insert, Delete, Update are effected
i.e., written in the database unless the user specifically says so.
PRIVILEGES:
Privileges are the right to access another user’s object. If two users 1
and user 2 are present and if user 2 wishes to access user1’s objects
then he should get permission from user1. Giving permission is called
as granting and withdrawing the permission is called as revoking.
We can grant privileges (insert, select, delete, update) to others and
can also withdraw these privileges using Grant privilege command
and Revoke privilege command respectively.
GRANT PRIVILEGE COMMAND:
Object privilege such as grant, insert, delete, and update can be
granted to other users using the SQL command GRANT.