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1.evolution and Origin of Biodiversity Patterns of Descent With Modi Cation

This document discusses speciation and the origin of biodiversity. It defines species as groups of organisms that can interbreed and share common characteristics. Speciation occurs when reproductive barriers emerge between populations, preventing interbreeding and leading to the formation of new species over time. There are pre-zygotic barriers like ecological isolation and post-zygotic barriers such as hybrid sterility that cause reproductive isolation. The main modes of speciation are allopatric speciation through geographic separation, sympatric speciation within the same habitat, and parapatric speciation between neighboring populations with reduced gene flow. In conclusion, speciation has generated the diversity of life we see today and continues to create new species as evolution drives changes in populations

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Elizabeth Asuncion
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84 views

1.evolution and Origin of Biodiversity Patterns of Descent With Modi Cation

This document discusses speciation and the origin of biodiversity. It defines species as groups of organisms that can interbreed and share common characteristics. Speciation occurs when reproductive barriers emerge between populations, preventing interbreeding and leading to the formation of new species over time. There are pre-zygotic barriers like ecological isolation and post-zygotic barriers such as hybrid sterility that cause reproductive isolation. The main modes of speciation are allopatric speciation through geographic separation, sympatric speciation within the same habitat, and parapatric speciation between neighboring populations with reduced gene flow. In conclusion, speciation has generated the diversity of life we see today and continues to create new species as evolution drives changes in populations

Uploaded by

Elizabeth Asuncion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Evolution and Origin

of Biodiversity:
Patterns of Descent
with Modification
Our world is filled with a myriad of different
organisms. Form the simplest and smallest to
the biggest and most complex. From the
common to the weird and strange looking
creatures you only see in pictures. Some
organisms may look like another but are
considered an entirely different species
Why the difference? What sets one
apart from others? In this lesson we will
be discussing about species and how
speciation occurs.
SPECIES
-is often defined as a group of individuals that actually
or potentially interbreed in nature.

-it is a group of related organisms that share common


characteristics and can only produce offspring among
themselves. But even among similar species, there are
some barriers that may prevent them from
interbreeding
Speciation
-may happen if these barriers result to
differentiation of one species into two or
more new species that can no longer
interbreed with each other (reproductive
isolation).
Reproductive
Isolating
Mechanisms
A. Pre-zygotic barriers
These are isolation mechanisms that
prevent fertilization and zygote
formation.
1. Ecological isolation
-also called geographic or
habitat isolation. Species
occupy different areas or
habitats thus, they never
come in contact with one
another
2. Temporal isolation
-different groups may not be
reproductively mature at the same
season, or month or year
3. Behavioral isolation
-patterns of courtship are different
4. Mechanical isolation
-differences in reproductive organs prevent
successful interbreeding
5. Gametic isolation
-incompatibilities between egg and sperm prevent
fertilization
B. Post-zygotic barriers
-These are isolation mechanisms that allow
fertilization but nonviable or weak or sterile hybrids
are formed.
1. Hybrid inviability
– fertilized egg fails to develop past the early embryonic
stages
2. Hybrid sterility
-hybrids are sterile because gonads develop abnormally or
there is abnormal segregation of chromosomes during
meiosis
3. Hybrid breakdown
-F1 hybrids are normal, vigorous and viable, but
F2 contains many weak or sterile individuals
Modes of
Speciation
A. Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation
(allo – other, patric – place; ‘other place’)

-occurs when some members of a population


become geographically separated from the
other members thereby preventing gene flow.
Examples of geographic barriers are bodies of
water and mountain ranges.
B. Sympatric speciation
(sym – same, patric – place; ‘same place’)
-occurs when members of a population that
initially occupy the same habitat within the same
range diverge into two or more different species.
It involves abrupt genetic changes that quickly
lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of
individuals. Example is change in chromosome
number (polyploidization)
C. Parapatric speciation
(para – beside, patric – place; ‘beside each other’)
– occurs when the groups that evolved to be
separate species are geographic neighbors.
Gene flow occurs but with great distances is
reduced. There is also abrupt change in the
environment over a geographic border and
strong disruptive selection must also
happen.
In conclusion, speciation is the source
of the great diversity we see in living
organisms today. As the forces that
drive evolution continue to cause
changes to populations, new species
continue to be created. And while
there is already a great variety of
species in our planet, there are still a
lot waiting to be discovered. This is
what makes our home world an
interesting place to live in!
1. Research 5 similar species with different characteristics
and write it on the table below. An example is provided for
you.

ACTIVITY:
THANK YOU

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