INVERTER

Name :- Sahil Choudhary

Roll no. :- 20/246
Batch :- B - 5
 4.1 INTRODUCTION
• The category of converters, which converts dc power into ac
power popularly known as the inverters.
• The application areas for the invertors includes the
Uninterrupted Power Supply the ac motor speed
controllers,etc.

• The inverters can be classified based on number of factors like:

1. the nature of output waveform (sine, square, quasi square, PWM etc),
2. the power devices being used (thyristor, transistor, MOSFETs, IGBTs),
3. the configuration being used (series, parallel, half bridge, full bridge).
• The size and the cost of the circuit can be reduced to some extent if the
operating frequency is increased but then the inverter grade thyristors
which are special thyristors manufactured to operate at a higher
frequency must be used, which are costly.

4.2 Basic Series Inverters

(Self Commutated Inverter)

• The series inverter uses a class A type commutation. The

commutating components L1, C1 are connected in series to
form an under damped tuned circuit.

• Since the SCRs turn off themselves this circuit is known as

commutated inverters .
 Fig. (a )Basic series configuration

Operation :
• At instant t0 SCR1 is turned on. Let the initial voltage
capacitor be “vc” with its left plate negative w .r. t. right
plate and the sinusoidal load current starts flowing.
 Fig (b) Mode 1 (t0 to t1)
• The capacitor C1 start charging in the opposite
direction as shown in fig B.The load current eventually
comes to zero at instant t1 and SCR1 comes out of
conduction due to natural commutation.
•The voltage on the capacitor C1 at instant t1 is greater
than V with its left plate positive w.r.t. its right plate.
• As there is no discharge path for the capacitor, this
voltage will be held constant up to instant t2 where
SCR2 is triggered.
 Fig ( c ) Mode 2 (t1 to t2)

• At instant t2, SCR2 is turned on and the load voltage and current
both becomes negative.
• The capacitor now discharges resonantly through SCR2, R, L1, as
shown in fig (c)
• At instant t3 the discharge current goes to zero and SCR2 turned
off again due to natural commutation. The voltage on C1 is equal
to vc.
• Off time :During the time interval between t1 and t2 both the
SCRs are in the off state. Load voltage as well as load current are
zero. Therefore this interval is known as off time of the circuit.
Disadvantages:
• Limitation on the maximum operating
frequency
• Distortion in the output wave form
• High rating of commutating components
• The peak amplitude and duration of output
current depends on the load parameters
resulting in poor regulation for the inverter.
• The power flow from the dc source is
intermittent. Therefore, the dc supply must
have a large peak current rating and the
input current contains high percentage of
harmonics.
 
 Modified Series Inverter
The operation can be divided into two modes.
Mode 1:
At the instant when SCR T2 is triggered, the voltage across the
capacitor will be slightly less than (E c + E dc)and the load voltage
and current will be closed to zero. Hence the voltage across the
capacitor minus the load voltage will appear across L2.Since L1 is
closely coupled to L2, the same voltage will appear across L1.
Mode 2:
The voltage across L1 will tend to increase the cathode potential
of SCR T1 more than its anode potential and therefore, SCR T1
will be reverse biased and turn-off. Thus, even if SCR T2 is turned
on before SCR T1 is switched off, it will not result into short
circuiting of the d.c. source. A similar operation will take place if
SCR T1 is triggered before SCR T2 is turned off.
Circuit diagram for Modified series inverter
Waveforms For improved Series Inverter
Circuit Diagram for Basic Parallel Inverter
Basic Parallel Inverter

• A parallel inverter is used to produce a square-wave

from a d.c. supply.
• In this inverter, the commutating capacitor comes in
parallel with the load during the operation of the
inverter. Hence it is called as ‘parallel inverter’.
Operation
Mode 1:
• This mode begins when T1 is fired and current flows
through the inductance L and the thyristor T1.
• When SCR is turned on, a d.c. voltage E dc appears across
half the transformer primary, which means the total
primary voltage is 2 E dc, hence the capacitor is charged
to 2 E dc.
 Mode 2:
• This mode begins when thyristor T2 is fired. When T2
is turned on, the commutating capacitor applies
voltage -2 Edc to appear across T1, it will be turn off.
• SCR T2 will now be conducting and the voltage of 2 E
dc will appear across the transformer primary and
commutating capacitor, but with reverse polarity.
Mode 3:
•During mode 3, this SCR is again turned on.
Commutating capacitor applies a voltage -2 E dc to
appear across T2.
•when this reverse voltage is applied for sufficient time
across T2, it will be turned off. If trigger pulses are
applied periodically to alternate thyristors, an
approximately rectangular voltage waveform will be
Waveforms For Basic Parallel Inverter
Circuit Diagram Parallel Inverter With Feedback Diodes
 Parallel Inverter With Feedback Diodes

The circuit operation can be divided into different

operating modes.
• Thyristor T1 and T2 are the main load carrying
thyristors.

• Inductor L and capacitor C are the commutating

components. Diodes D1 and D2 are the feedback
diodes. Which permit the load reactive power to be
fed back to the d.c. supply.
Mode 1 :-

• During this mode, thyristor T1 is triggered at instant R.

Battery voltage forces the current to the primary
section through path Edc -C-A-T1-L- E dc . Terminal C is
positive with respect to A.

• The flux produced due to this current induces the

voltage in all sections of transformer winding. The
load voltage is nearly equal to Ede and is in such
direction so as to force current into the dot at
terminal P. Due to autotransformer action, voltage
Edc is induced in CE section of primary winding.
 Mode 2:
• This mode begins with thyristor T2 switched on at instant S.
When T2 is turned on, capacitor C will immediately apply a
reverse voltage of 2 E dc across SCR T1 and turned off. When
SCR T1 is turned off, the capacitor will discharge through SCR
T2, inductor L, diode D1, and a portion of a transformer
primary winding BA.

• Thus, the energy stored in the capacitor will be fed back to the
load through the transformer coupling of windings BA and PQ.

• The load current which earlier flowing through SCR T 1, will

now flow through CB and diode D1 to negative input terminal.
This can happen only if diode D1 is forward biased and
capacitor discharge current is more than the load current.
• The current through inductance L will now flow through diode D2, DE and
SCR T2, and the trapped energy in inductor L will be fed back to the load.
D point is now connected to the negative supply terminal, the load
voltage polarity will be reversed.

• Also capacitor C will be charged in the opposite direction slightly more

than supply voltage. Thyristor T2 will stop conducting. Energy is transferred
from the capacitor and inductor to the load.

Mode 3 :
• This mode begins with when load current becomes zero, diode D2 will be
blocked and SCR T2 will have to triggered again at instant U to reverse the
direction of the load current. When thyristor T2 starts conducting, the load
voltage will again become equal to Edc.
Waveforms For parallel Inverter with
Feedback Diode
 Single Full Bridge Inverter

Introduction –
• A serious drawback of the half bridge inverter is that, it
requires a 3-wire dc supply. This is overcomed by the
commonly full bridge inverter.
Full-bridge Single-phase Inverter
 Construction:
•  It has consist of four thyristor and four
freewheeling diode.

• Two thyristor T1 and T2 must be gated

simultaneously at frequency F=1/T and
thyristor T3and T4 must be gated 180
out of phase frequency can be
controlled by varying the periodic time
T.
 Operation-
• When we apply positive load voltage Edc then
thyristor T1 and T2 conduct.
• When we apply negative voltage –edc then
thyristor T3and T4 is conduct.
• Diode D1to D4 serve to feed the load reactive
power back to the dc supply.
• In place of SCRT1, hear two thyristor T1 and T2
conduct similarly in place of SCR2 thyristor T3 and
T4 conduct and in place of D1 and diodeD1, D2
conduct, where as instead of D2, hear D3and D4
conduct
• The load voltage wave form is fairly rectangular
and is not affected by the nature of the load.
 
Waveform-
• Advantage :
• No need of an output transformer.
• Efficiency is high.
• The current rating of power device is equal

to the load current.

 
• Disadvantage :
• Number of four transistors are required
• Costs is high
 
• Application :
• Used in commutation circuit for bridge
McMurray Bedford Half–bridge Inverter
 Construction :-
It is a complementary impulse
commutated inverter.
This means that if two inductors are
tightly coupled, triggering of one thyristor
, turns off another thyristor .
Main thyristors T1,T2 .
Feedback diodes D1,D2.
 two capacitors C1,C2 .
magnetically coupled inductors L1 and L2.
 inductance L .
Operation
Mode- 1
• Thyristor t1 is triggered, then SCR T1 is turn on, upper d.c. source load
current Il to the load.
• As the load current is constant. Voltage drop across L1 is negligible. With
zero voltage drop across L1 , T1 , C1 and across C2 is Edc load.
Mode -2
• When SCR T2 is triggered ,turn off the SCR T1
• voltage across C1 and C2 cannot be change
• equal voltages is induced across L1
• Voltage across thyristor T1 is ET1 = Edc
• Ic1 = Ic2 KCL at node ‘o’ in fig.
Ic1 + Ic2 = Il + Il ; IC1 = IC2 =Ic3
Mode -3

• At instant t1 , where capacitor C1 is charged to supply voltage

Edc , i.e. Ic 1 =0 at t 1, Vc 2 =0. Just after t 1, current
( Il + Im/2) through C1 tends to charge it with bottom plate .

• At t1 ,the energy stored in inductor L2 is dissipated.

• This energy is dissipated at instant t 2, therefore I2 decays to

zero & a result SCR T2 is turned off at T2.
Mode -4

• When the current IT2 through L2 & T2 has decayed to

zero . the load current IL=ID2 still continues flowing
through the diode D2 as ID2 during (t3-t2 ) interval.
 
Mode -5

• As soon as iL equal to ID2.tend to reverse , diode

D2 is blocked.

• Thyristor T2 already gated during the interval

(t3-t2)gets turn ON to carry the load current in
the reverse direction .

• The capacitor C1 , now charged to the source

voltage Edc is ready for commutating the main
thyristor T2 .
Waveforms
McMurray Bedford Full-bridge
Inverter
Operation :-
 Mc Murray Bedford full bridge inverter circuit can be
realized by connecting two half bridge inverters.
 for Mode 1, thyristors T1 and T2 are conducting and
load current flows through Edc, T1, L1 load Zl , L2,
and T2.
 Voltage across C1, C2 is zero but capacitors C3, C4
are charged to voltage Edc.
 For initiating communication of T1, T2 thyristors T3,
T4 are triggered.
 This reverse-biases T1, T2 by voltage (-Edc) and
makes them turned-off.
4.3 PULSE –WIDTH MODULATION

 Pulse-width modulation technique is a

control within the inverter & is also
known as a variable-duty-cycle
regulation.

 This method of regulation employs

variation of the conduction time per
cycle to alter the rms output voltage of
the inverter. In order to accomplish this
regulation technique.
fig. of pulse –width modulation
0peration:-
In fig,
SCR1&SCR2 - Two main loads carrying SCRs
SCR3, SCR4 - Two auxiliary SCRs which are of
smaller rating
C1 & C2 - Two separate commutating
capacitors.
When, SCR1 - ON

Power is delivered to the load at the same time, C1 is

charged to the voltage of the transformer section AB
with a polarity as shown above fig,
SCR1 - OFF
At any desired instant by triggering SCR3

After interval, SCR2 – ON

To deliver power in the negative half-cycle.

C2 charged at the same time by the voltage of transformation
section CD.
SCR2 - OFF by firing SCR4

In this method produces a quasi-square-wave output

as below in fig,
Quasi-square-wave output of an inverter
 Single pulse width modulation
  There is one pulse per half-cycle, and its width is varied
 • The modulation index is:

• The rms output voltage is:

• Advantages:

• Less effect of noise

• synchronization between the transmitter & receiver
is not essential.
.
 Disadvantages:

• In order to avoid any wave form distortion, the

bandwidth required for the PWM communications large as
compare to BW of PAM

• Average power transmitted can be as low as 50% of

maximum power

Application:

• voltage regulators.

• class D audio amplifiers ,which are highly effectively.

• The following fig, shows the harmonic reduction profile with

variation of the modulation index M
• The domain harmonic is the third and DF decreases significantly
at a low output voltage.
Multiple pulse modulation
• The harmonic contents can be reduced by using several pulses in
each half cycle of output voltage. This type of modulation is also
known as uniform-pulse – width-modulation

• The number of pulses per half cycle is:

Here, mf = modulation frequency ratio

• The rms output voltage is:

• The following waveform shows the harmonic reduction against
variation of the modulation index & P=5
 Sinusoidal pulse modulation
• Instead of maintaining the width of all pulses the same, the width
of each pulse is varied in proportion to amplitude of a sine wave

• This kind of modulation is known as SPWM.

• The rms output voltage is:

• The DF and LOH are reduced significantly, as shown below: