Correlational Research

- refers to the systematic

investigation or statistical study of
relationships among two or more
variables, without necessarily
determining cause and effect.
Correlational Research
– It Seeks to establish a
relation/association/correlation
between two or more variables
that do not readily lend
themselves to experimental
manipulation.
Correlational Research
–For example, to test the
hypothesis “ Listening to music
lowers blood pressure levels”
there are 2 ways of conducting
research
Correlational Research
• Experimental – group
samples and make one
group listen to music and
then compare the bp
levels
Correlational Research
• Survey – ask people
how they feel ? How
often they listen? And
then compare
According to Methods
• Historical – The purpose is to collect,
verify, synthesize evidence to establish
facts that defend or refute your hypothesis.
It uses primary sources, secondary
sources, and lots of qualitative data
sources such as logs, diaries, official
records, reports, etc. The limitation is that
the sources must be both authentic and
According to Methods
• Historical research is
research involving
analysis of events that
occurred in the remote or
recent past
Application
• Historical research can show
patterns that occurred in the past
and over time which can help us to
see where we came from and what
kinds of solutions we have used in
the past.
Application
• Understanding this can
add perspective on how
we examine current
events and educational
practices.
The steps involved in the conduct of
historical research
1. Identification of the research topic and
formulation of the research problem or
question. 2. Data collection or literature
review 3. Evaluation of materials 4. Data
synthesis 5. Report preparation or
preparation of the narrative exposition
Descriptive Research
- refers to research that provides an
accurate portrayal of characteristics
of a particular individual, situation, or
group. Descriptive research, also
known as statistical research.
Descriptive
– It attempts to describe and explain
conditions of the present by using
many subjects and questionnaires to
fully describe a phenomenon. Survey
research design /survey methodology
is one of the most popular for
thesis/dissertation
Descriptive
In short descriptive research
deals with everything that can
be counted and studied, which
has an impact of the lives of
the people it deals with.
Descriptive
For example:
•finding the most frequent disease
that affects the children of a town.
The reader of the research will know
what to do to prevent that disease
thus, more people will live a healthy
life.
Case and Field Research Design
Also called ethnographic research, it
uses direct observation to give a
complete snapshot of a case that is
being studied. It is useful when not
much is known about a phenomenon.
Uses few subjects.
Developmental or Time Series
Research Design
Data are collected at certain
points in time going forward.
There is an emphasis on time
patterns and longitudinal growth
or change.
Quasi Experimental Research
Design
This research design
approximates the experimental
design but does not have a
control group. There is more error
possible in the results.
Experimental Research
is an objective, systematic,
controlled investigation for the
purpose of predicting and
controlling phenomena and
examining probability and causality
among selected variables.
Experimental Research
Experimental Research Design - This
design is most appropriate in
controlled settings such as
laboratories. The design assumes
random assignment of subjects and
random assignment to groups (E and
C).
Experimental Research
It attempts to explore cause
and affect relationships
where causes can be
manipulated to produce
different kinds of effects.
Experimental Research
Because of the requirement
of random assignment, this
design can be difficult to
execute in the real world
(non laboratory) setting.
Experimental Research
• The simplest experimental
design includes two variables
and two groups of participants.
• The two variables
(Independent versus
Dependent variables).
Experimental Research
• The IV is the predictor variable
whereas the DV is the outcome
variable.
• •Researchers manipulate and
control the IV to study it's effect
on the DV.
Experimental Research
• The two groups of participants (Control
versus Experimental group).
• •Before beginning the experiment, the
researcher (randomly) assigns his/her
sample to two different groups: the
control group and the experimental
(treatment group or clinical group).
Experimental Research
• The control group receives
no manipulation of the IV
(no treatment), whereas the
experimental group receives
the manipulation of the IV
Causal Comparative or Ex Post
Facto Research Design
• This research design attempts to
explore cause and affect relationships
where causes already exist and cannot
be manipulated. It uses what already
exists and looks backward to explain
why
Correlational or Prospective
Research Design
• Correlational or Prospective
Research Design - It attempts to
explore relationships to make
predictions. It uses one set of
subjects with two or more
variables for each.
Correlational or Prospective
Research Design
• Exploratory research can be quite
informal, relying on secondary
research such as reviewing
available literature and/or data, or
qualitative approaches such as
informal discussions
Correlational or Prospective
Research Design
with consumers, employees,
management or competitors, and
more formal approaches through in-
depth interviews, focus groups,
projective methods, case studies or
pilot studies.
Exploratory Research
is a type of research conducted for a
problem that has not been clearly
defined. Exploratory research helps
determine the best research design,
data collection method and selection
of subjects.
Exploratory Research
The results of exploratory
research are not usually useful for
decision-making by themselves,
but they can provide significant
insight into a given situation
Phenomenological Research
An inductive, descriptive research
approach developed from
phenomenological philosophy; its
aim is to describe an experience
as it is actually lived by the
person
Phenomenological Research
Phenomenology is concerned
with the study of experience from
the perspective of the individual,
‘bracketing’ taken-for-granted
assumptions and usual ways of
perceiving.
Phenomenological Research
They are based in a paradigm
of personal knowledge and
subjectivity, and emphasise
the importance of personal
perspective and interpretation.
Phenomenological Research
As such they are powerful for
understanding subjective experience,
gaining insights into people’s
motivations and actions, and cutting
through the clutter of taken-for-
granted assumptions and
conventional wisdom.