ROAD SAFETY SESSION:

DRIVING ASSESSMENT Presented by:

Kenute Hare
October 2021
Kenute Hare, Director, Island Traffic Authority, Ministry
of Transport and Mining, Jamaica
[email protected]

• 20 years involved in road safety, fully managing the road safety affairs since 2008;
• 20 years involved in traffic crash investigation and analysis, provide extensive training
to Police Officers in Jamaica and Guyana;
• 17 years involved in traffic crash reconstruction, provide training to Police Officers in
Jamaica;
• Event Data Recorder (Black Box) Analyst and Teacher since 2012, specialising in motor
cars, sports utility vehicles and light trucks. Possess training in analysing the Event Data
Recorder (Black Box) of Heavy Trucks;
• Certified and trained as Vehicle Forensic Technician and Analyst, 2019;
• Trained in road safety management, road safety audit and inspection, defensive
driving.
• Provide training for persons interested in becoming traffic crash investigators and
reconstructionists.
• Develop the curriculum for tertiary institutions to deliver training in traffic crash
investigation and reconstruction and select the requisite Instructors.
• Executed the First International Symposium on Traffic Crash Investigation and Black
Box Analysis in Jamaica, 2019.

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 United Nations Decade of Action
for Road Safety Pillars
• Pillar 1. Road Safety management.

• Pillar 2. Safer roads and mobility. 

• Pillar 3. Safe vehicles. 

• Pillar 4. Road user behaviour.

• Pillar 5. Post-crash care. 

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ROAD SAFETY LEGS
6
ARE THE LIGHTS ON YOUR CAR DASHBOARD
FIGURINES?
UNDERSTANDING LIGHTS ON YOUR CAR
DASHBOARD
UNDERSTANDING LIGHTS ON YOUR CAR
DASHBOARD
UNDERSTANDING LIGHTS ON YOUR CAR
DASHBOARD
UNDERSTANDING LIGHTS ON YOUR DASHBOARD
 Severity of Injuries
Fatal

Any injury that results in death of a road user in thirty (30 ) days after the
collision; and

Close liaison with the Medical Doctor is very important as persons who
received serious injuries could end up being fatal.

Serious

These are injuries that lead to the victims being impacted but not fatal. This
injury prevents the injured persons from:
•Walking;
•Driving;
•Continuing activities usually carried out prior to the collision;
 
The injuries usually cause;
• Severe laceration;
• Broken or distorted limbs;
• Concussions;
• Crushed chest;
• Internal injuries that disables;
• Unconscious when the person removed from the scene
of the collision;
• Inability to leave the collision scene without assistance;

• Investigation should use these classifications once a

collision occurred; and
• Lumps on the head
Minor
These are injuries that are not fatal or serious. These injuries
includes:
 Abrasions;
 Bruises;
 Minor lacerations;
 Momentary unconsciousness;
 Limping;
 Nausea;
 Hysteria; and
 Complaint of pain

These injuries are not:

 Incapacitating injuries
 Close working relationship must be sustained
with the medical profession. Crash
Investigators must ensure that they have
access to the Autopsy Reports and should keep
these on file.

 They should request that the Doctors provide a

diagram depicting the injuries. This will help in
determining the seating positions of the
Occupants.
 O F
E S
O N
E Z Y
I N NG IT
N I VI A L
R N
D RSO
PE
Road Safety Begins with You
Traffic Safety Issues:
Attitude:-
disregard for rules; and
respect for authority

Knowledge:-
unaware of safety principles; and
safety literate
 
Alertness:-
faulty actions; and
correct actions
Self-Control Issues
Emotional Control:-
rude and opportunistic; and
prudent and fair
 
Judgement:-
subjective, untrained thinking; and
trained reasoning and objective
 
Calmness:-
tense, nervous and unpredictable; and
relaxed and steady
Social Responsibility Issues
Altruism:-
egoistical and Benton retaliation and punishment;
and
altruistic and forgiving

Wisdom:-
negative fantasies and delusional mental patterns;
and
positive dramatizations and mental health

Kindness:-
being stressed and dislocated; and
being cooperative and integrated
SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCES
 SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCES

• Safe Following distance is one which allows

enough time and distance to perceive, react and
avoid a collision by steering or braking if a hazard
should appear suddenly in front of you.
• Safe following distance is usually expressed as a
time.
• Most safety authorities recommend a following
distance of at least 2 to 3 seconds under ideal
driving conditions.
SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCES
 SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCES

• To apply 3-second rule:

– Look at the vehicle ahead and observe when the rear
part passes a landmark of some sort.
– Begin to count out 3 seconds...one-thousand one...one
thousand two...etc.
– Adjust your following distance so that at least 3 seconds
elapses before you reach the same landmark.
 SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCES
• The 3-second rule applies only to cars and
light trucks. Commercial vehicle operators will
require at least 6 to 7 seconds.
• These safe following distances are for ideal
driving conditions. The National Safety
Council recommends adding at least 1 second
more for each of the following conditions:
– Adverse weather conditions.
SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCES
– When following a large vehicle.
– When towing a trailer.
– On hilly or winding roads.
– At night.
– On wet or otherwise slippery roads.
– During rush hour or congested traffic.
– When driving into dazzling sunlight.
– Through road works areas.
– When feeling ill or tired.
SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCES
 Hand Positioning
• Traditionally 10 o’clock
and 2 o’clock positions
were recommended.
• With the advent of air
bags, recommendations
are for lower hand
positions, 9 o’clock and 3
o’clock or even 7 o’clock
and 5 o’clock.
• Never grip wheel from
behind through centre.
 Concepts of Defensive Driving

Definition of Key Factors

• Planning Deciding destination points before hand and route to take

• Observing Keeping a watchful eye on the actions of other road users

and the environment generally

• Anticipating Expecting the unexpected and not being taken for

surprise

• Control Maintaining complete and proper guiding influence on the

vehicle
Plan Your Rout
Good Anticipation
Good Anticipation
 Concepts of Defensive Driving

Definition:
Tactical maneuvering in which a driver expects the unexpected, remains
attentive to the actions of others and ensures that nothing is taken for
granted.

Factors that promote good defensive driving:

• Proper planning
• Effective observation
• Good anticipation
• Staying in control
 Tenets of a Defensive Driver
*    Be conscious at the wheel. Don’t let to involve you in
situation which can elicit someone’s aggressiveness.

*    Try not to tailgate.

*    Control your gestures and facials expression.

*    Never use your horn addressing the aggressive driver.

They can shift their attention to you. They will understand
incorrectly even your polite beep.

*    Don’t look into aggressive driver’s eyes.

*    Be as far from them as you can.*   

 Tenets of a Defensive Driver

*    Don’t try to make them drive within speed limit ? this
will cause their anger.

*    Always wear your seat-belt ? it will protect you from any
slight possibility of accident.

*    Informed the Police of aggressive driver. Describe the

vehicle, its location and registration number. Try to remember all
the features of the driver’s appearance and his car’s details.
This will prevent other people from accidents and other
unpleasant situations.

*    In the event an aggressive caused an accident, inform

the police as soon as possible.
 Tenets of a Defensive Driver

*    The experts and psychologists say that a mobile phone is

a good help to get rid off aggressive driver. Just pretend that
you are calling the police and informing the officer of the details.
There is a chance the aggressive driver will leave you alone.

*    Avoid being stressful at the wheel. To calm down you

can listen to the music, dream?. And leave enough time to get to
the place you nee. Remember: better late than never.

*    Always be polite even with the people who try to offend
you.   
 Tenets of a Defensive Driver
*    Keep in mind that it is very difficult, almost impossible to
explain something to an aggressive person. So there is
no use to try.

*  Driving style has big impact on the fuel consumption of the

vehicle. It has been proven aggressive driving makes the auto use
more gas and there is really no saving even if the person has a
fuel-efficient car.
But gas usage is not the only thing driving style affects. A bad
driver wears out the whole car quickly and therefore has to pay more:
get oil change more often, buy new tires, pay more for insurance.

Remember that in good driving condition the distance between your car
and the one in front of you should be no less 2 seconds. When the
driving conditions are bad, the distance should be increased to 8 ? 10
seconds and even more.
Caution When Turning or Pulling Out
Caution When Turning or Pulling Out
Caution When Turning or Pulling Out
 Hazards can be defined as :
• Any circumstances or set of circumstances, which
causes a driver to alter speed or course.

The types of hazards encountered whilst driving fall

into three main groups:

• Permanent
• Temporary
• Hazards caused by other road users.
 Permanent Hazards

Hill Bend

junctions

Hump back bridge

Temporary Hazards
Hazards Caused by Other Road Users
Once a hazard becomes apparent, the Defensive
Driver must assess the situation, decide what he
is going to do and warn other drivers of his
intentions. By using predetermined system of
actions, he will:
• Place the vehicle in the correct position in
order to negotiate the hazard;
• Ensure the vehicle is travelling at the right
speed;
• Ensure that the vehicle is in the correct
gear.
 Awareness
• Only a driver who is fully aware of the conditions
around him can successfully negotiate hazards. The
further forward he can appreciate the hazard, the
more time he will have available to take corrective
action by using road sense, concentration and
forethought.
 Adaptation
• Temporary hazards are
negotiated in the same
manner as previously
mentioned. However,
temporary hazards
sometimes appear
quickly and disappear
gradually. Rain stops
falling, fog clears or
night turns to day.
 Anticipation
• Hazards caused by other road users is the most
unpredictable of the three. Drivers, pedestrians, and
cyclists today are constantly distracted by cell phones and
other electronic devices.
Its all about choices…
 collision

• A collision is an isolated event

with two are more moving
bodies (colliding Bodies) exert
forces on each other
THREE COLLISIONS
 CL E
H I N
VE LISIO
O L
C

The first collision is the “vehicle

collision”, which is mostly associated
with vehicular crashes.
In this collision, a vehicle collides
with another object (concrete barrier
or tree).
HUMAN COLLISION
This collision involves the
movement of the occupants
in the vehicle are still
moving at the same speed
that the vehicle was
travelling.
INTERNAL COLLISION
• Occurs when the occupants’
internal organs move towards
the point of impact and may hit
other bones, organs or skull.

• The body may appear

uninjured; however, internal
organs may be torn, bruised or
bleeding.
 Types Of Collision

• In every vehicle crash there are actually three (03)

collisions:

1. The Vehicle Collision

2. The Human Collision

3. The Collision of The Internal Organs of The Body

 VEHICLE COLLISION

• The vehicle collides with something.

That collision slows or stops the
vehicle.
 THE HUMAN COLLISION

• The driver, occupants and unsecured

cargo continue forward at the initial
speed of the vehicle until they strike
the vehicle interior, another occupant
or something outside the vehicle.

• This collision slows or stops the

human body.
PHOTO
 COLLISION OF THE INTERNAL
ORGANS
• The internal organs of the body, travelling at the
same initial speed as the occupant, strike something
inside the body.

• This collision slows or stops the internal organs.

(c) Robbins, IPTM 2014 60

VITAL INTERNAL ORGANS OF
THE HUMAN BODY
THE BODYS PROTECTION FOR
VITAL ORGANS
 POSSIBLE CAUSES THE COLLISION

• HUMAN FACTOR (driver behaviour, reaction speed

and decision making abilities)

• ROAD FACTORS (wet and Slippery road surfaces, lack

of proper signage)

• VEHICLE DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE. (Properly

inflated tyres)

• NB. Causes can be a combination of all three factors.

 Did You know???
• MOST PEOPLE DON’T KNOW HOW MUCH FORCE A MOVING VEHICLE
HAS. A CAR GOING 40 MPH WOULD HIT A TREE WITH THE SAME FORCE
AS HITTING THE GROUND AFTER FALLING OFF A 50FT CLIFF. A PERSON
INSIDE THE CAR WOULD HIT THE WINDSHIELD WITH THE SAME FORCE
AS HITTING THE GROUND AFTER A FALL FROM A FIVE-STORY BUILDING.

• THE FORCE NEEDED TO RESTRAIN AN OCCUPANT ROUGHLY EQUALS

THE WEIGHT OF THE OCCUPANT TIMES THE PRE-CRASH VEHICLE
SPEED.

 FOR EXAMPLE; A 10-POUND INFANT IN A MOTOR

VEHICLE MOVING AT 30 MPH COULD REQUIRE AT LEAST
300 POUND OF FORCE TO KEEP FROM MOVING
FORWARD! HOW MUCH DO YOU WEIGH?
 Possible effects of collisions
• POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

• DEPRESSION

• PERMANENT DISABILITY (Blindness)

• HIGH MEDICAL EXPENSES

• DESTRUCTION OF VEHICLE AND PROPERTY

• DEATH
MEASURES TO REDUCE THE
EFFECTS OF COLLISIONS.
• EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ON THE IMPORTANCE OF
PRACTICING DEFENSIVE DRIVING

• REDUCE SPEED

• REFRAIN FROM THE USE OF CELLULAR PHONES OR ANY

OTHER FORMS OF DISTRACTIONS WHILST UTILIZING THE
ROADWAY

• WEAR SEATBELTS AND OTHER PROTECTIVE DEVICES

CORRECTLY
 Safety devices

• Seat belt
• Air Bags

• Child Restraint
 SEATBELTS

• Seatbelts are the single most important piece of

safety equipment in the vehicle.

• Seatbelts reduce the likelihood of death or injury

by as much as 50%.

• Air Bags are not replacements for seat belts...they

supplement seat belts.
PROPER USE OF
SEATBELTS
 Air bags

• When facing a frontal air bag your seat should be adjusted

so that there is a minimum of 25 cm between your body and
the air bag module.

• The air bag should be aimed at your chest, not at your face.
 CHILD RESTRAINT
• Children under 12 years of age should be placed in the back
seat.

• Child seats and booster seats are your child’s best defence in
the event of a collision.

• 72% of child seats and booster seats are improperly installed

or used.
PROPER USE OF CHILD RESTRAINT
SYSTEM.
Traffic Collisions
Traffic Collisions
 Intro
• In our quest to become better Defensive Drivers
there are certain aspects we ourselves have control
over that can reduce risk.

• What we hope to accomplish is to give you an

understanding of how to do a basic vehicle
check/inspection.
Pillars of Motor Vehicles: Avoid
Traumatic Brain Injuries
IDENTIFYING MOTOR VEHICLES
Tyre
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TYRE SAFETY

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 TYRE SAFETY

Result of under inflation

• Tyre blow out
• Excessive flexing of the tyre
sidewalk
• Overheating
• Buckling
• Sidewalk cracking
• Thread separation and
fragmentation

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 TYRE SAFETY

Over inflation
•Reduce cushioning power of tyre

•Increase susceptibility to abrasion &

laceration

•Reduce road-tyre contact

•Reduce maneuvering ability

•Increase likelihood of skidding

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TYRE SAFETY

Most of us operate
motor vehicles on a daily
basis and hardly ever pay
any attention to one of
the most vital parts of
the vehicle which are our
tires.

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 TYRE SAFETY

Did you know that tires expire 4 years after the date of
manufacture and this date is stamped on the side of the tyre?

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 TYRE SAFETY

This number indicates that the tire was

manufactured on the 5th week of 2011
or which is the same February 2011,
that would place the expiration date on
February 2015

0511
Year of manufacture 2011
5th week of the year
“February”
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 TYRE SAFETY

If we use expired tyres these

are likely to burst and result in
a very serious or even a fatal
accident, it would be a good
practice for us to check our
tires and make sure they have
not passed their expiration
date.

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 TYRE SAFETY

 On the side of the tyre, you will

also find the maximum allowable
inflating pressure for that specific
tire, some tyres have a maximum (44 psi) MAX
pressure of 32 PSI some are rated PRESS
at 44PSI and some even at 50 PSI.
 Check your specific tyre to see
what the maximum pressure is for
your tyres, it is an acceptable
practice to have your tyres a few
pounds below maximum allowable
pressure but not too much.

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 TYRE SAFETY

MAX PRESS ACCEPTABLE Different tyres are designed

32 PSI 28 PSI for different pressures you
will find your maximum tyre
44 PSI 35 PSI
inflation pressure on a small
50 PSI 44 PSI number next to the rim on
the side of the tyre, never
(44 psi) MAX PRESS exceed this pressure

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 TYRE SAFETY
Lower pressure increases tire heat,
infrared photography of tires
tested at high speed damaging
heat increases as pressure drops.

Basado en Neumáticos tamaño P235/75/R15

95
TYRE SAFETY
Another important point to
consider is the load we put on our
tires, many times we overload our
vehicles without paying any
attention to the strain this puts on
our tires, exceeding the maximum
load rating on a tire may also lead
to tire failure and could result in
an accident.

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TYRE SAFETY

Table shows the load index

and maximum load carrying
capacity per tire in pounds and
kilograms.

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TYRE SAFETY

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 TYRE SAFETY
Load index 109 maximum load capacity 2271 lbs 1030 kg.

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TYRE SAFETY

The speed rating for which a

tire is designed is indicated by
a letter next to the load index,
adjacent table shows the
speed ratings in Km/h & Mph.

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TYRE SAFETY

101
TYRE SAFETY

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103
TYRE SAFETY

Many of us have bought tires

in the past and when they ask
us the size of the tyres we just
read it from the old tyre and
give them to the person at
the tyre shop but, what do
those numbers mean?

104
 TYRE SAFETY
Passenger car tire Tire width in Millimeters

Radial Tire
Neumático Radial

P 265 / 60 R 18
Aspect ratio Height to width of
tire 60% of width in this case
18 Inch Wheel

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 TYRE SAFETY

 Over the years, the Department of

Transportation (DOT) and the Rubber
Manufacturer’s Association (RMA) have
implemented certified testing and tire
marking systems to help differentiate
tires.
 There are two common tire marking
systems used for winter: “M+S” marking,
and the “Three Peak Mountain
Snowflake” symbol.

106
 TYRE SAFETY

M+S Marking
The M+S marking was introduced in the 1970’s to
distinguish tires with extra mud and snow traction from tires
with ribbed treads, common in that era. For a

M+S SYMBOL USUALLY FOUND ON THE SIDE OF THE

TIRE NEAR THE WHEEL FLANGE
tire to have the “M+S” grading and stamp on the sidewall, it
had to have a particular style of block tread pattern and
more traction capabilities.

By today’s tire performance standards, the standards for

this classification is actually quite low, particularly for typical
winter driving conditions like packed snow and ice, however
the “M+S” certification system has become the benchmark
to help the average tire buyer, and law enforcement
determine if a tire even a basic level of snow traction. 

107
 TYRE SAFETY

Three Peak Mountain Snowflake

THREE PEAK MOUNTAIN SNOWFLAKE SYMBOL IS ON MANY
WINTER TIRES.
In the late 1990’s, the RMA realized that updated standards were
required to differentiate  true “winter tires” from standard “all-season
tires”.
The new testing parameters included more winter traction specific
testing, including a snow spin test. Today, the Three Peak Mountain
Snowflake on the side of a tire remains the best indicator that the tire
has good levels of winter traction you would expect from a tire classified
as a true “winter tire”.
While there are a few non-winter tires, like all-terrain light truck tires,
that pass the traction test and carry the Three Peak Mountain
Snowflake symbol, the large majority of tires with this symbol are true
winter tires, intended to be used only during the winter months. 

108
TYRE SAFETY

Tread Pattern for Grip on

Snow and Ice

109
 TYRE SAFETY

Symbol Area

Hot area
A Area Caliente
Normal Area
B Area Normal
Cold Area
C Area Fria

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 TYRE SAFETY
TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE
Simbolo
Symbol Area  The letters will indicate a tyre’s resistance
Hot area to heat.
A Area Caliente
 Tyres are rated from highest to lowest
Normal Area
B Area Normal
resistance as A, B or C

Cold Area
C Area Fria

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TYRE SAFETY

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 TYRE SAFETY
TRACTION
 Traction is a tyre’s ability to stop on wet
pavement.
 A higher graded tire should allow you to
stop your vehicle on a wet road in a
shorter distance than a tire with lower
grade.
 Traction is graded from highest to
lowest as ”AA”, “A”, “B” and “C”

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TYRE SAFETY

114
 TYRE SAFETY
TREADWEAR

This number will give you

the rate at which the tyre
wears out, the higher the
treadwear, the longer it
should take for the tyre to
wear out.
Hence, a tyre graded at 400
should last twice as long as
a tire graded at 200.
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TYRE SAFETY

116
 TYRE SAFETY
WHAT WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT TYRES

• Date of manufacturing
• Maximum inflating pressure
• Traction
• Treadwear
• Maximum load capacity per tyre
• Speed Rating
• Temperature resistance
• Tyre size

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TYRE SAFETY

118
 TYRE SAFETY
Tips for proper tyre use/care
Keep tyres at the pressure recommended by the manufacturer
• Check tyre pressure fortnightly when the tyres are cold (If underflated
by more than 5 psi take the tyre to the repair expert)
• Fit tyres of the same type, size and ply rating

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 TYRE SAFETY
TYRE ESSENTIALS
• Ensure that your tyre tread depth is not below 1.6mm.
• Driving a passenger car, use passenger tyres.
• Driving a light truck, bus or truck, use commercial tyres.
• Check the age of your tyre.
• Check your tyres for cuts, bulges, blemishness, holes etc.
• If procuring used tyres, ensure that it is marked used and has a
minimum tread depth of 6mm.
• Tread depth is to disperse water.
• Don’t purchase tyres that are open to the elements:
– Sunlight deteriorate rubber

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 TYRE SAFETY

Proper tyre care and maintenance are essential for:

• The life of the tyre

• Efficient acceleration
• Efficient braking
• Proper steering
• Proper cornering
• Good driving comfort

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Bonnet
 Belts & Fluids
• Check your belts
• At the front of your engine there will be a series of
rubber drive belts that loop around various pulleys,
driving everything from the alternator to the a/c
compressor. Rubber perishes, more so in extreme
conditions like those found in an operating engine
bay.

• These can be easily visually inspected.

Belts
 Fluids
• Checking your oil level
• To check the oil, park on level ground and wait until the
engine has cooled down after driving, then locate the
dipstick. Pull it out and wipe it clean, then push it all the
way back in until the top of it is seated properly in the dip
tube again. Wait a moment then pull it out again. Check
the level of the oil. If it's between the high and low marks,
you're fine.
• It is usually recommended to change your oil every
3000miles, but it is always better to follow manufacturer
recommendations.
Oil
 Fluids
• Checking your coolant level
• The coolant reservoir will normally be bolted to one side of
the engine bay or the other, and be a white semi-transparent
bottle. Wait until your engine is cool and take a look at it - the
outside should have 'low' and 'high' markings on it and the
level of coolant inside should be between the two.
Do not take the radiator cap off to check coolant levels. If
the coolant system is still hot then it is still under pressure
and the pressure release will burn you. 

• Windshield Washer Fluid

If you can't see out the windshield, you're a real danger to
yourself and others. Remember to fill your reservoir regularly
with windshield washer fluid, not water.
Coolant & Washer Fluid
 Fluids
• Power Steering Fluid
Your car should be on level ground and the engine should
be off. The dipstick may be marked with hot or cold fill
levels.

• Automatic Transmission Fluid

• The transmission fluid level affects the way your
transmission shifts, as well as acting as a coolant. To check
the fluid, follow these instructions:
• Start the engine and park the car on level ground.
• Check the fluid level on the dipstick. It should be in the
cross-hatched area of the stick. If it's low, add only enough
fluid to bring it up to the correct level.
Power Steering & Trans Fluid
 Brake Fluid
• The location of your brake fluid reservoir depends on the type
of car you have. The reservoir is usually located on the
driver’s side of your vehicle, usually up near the firewall.
 Lights
• It is an offence in law not to have all obligatory
lights working. Check them frequently,
especially before a night journey. Walk round
the car while someone works the switches.
• Obligatory lights are side and tail lights,
headlamps (main and dipped beams), direction
indicators, brake lights, rear registration-plate
light, reversing lights and hazard lights.
Lights
 Battery
• A battery, like other parts of your vehicle, is
subject to wear and tear and should be
checked regularly. In particular, pay attention
to the battery’s trouble spots, shown below. A
battery that’s kept clean lasts longer than a
dirty one.
Battery
Warning Lights
 Visibility
• There are a few factors that a defensive driver
has control over when it comes to visibility.
• Wiper Blades/Washer Fluid – ensure that blades can disperse
water from windshield and that washer fluid is topped up to
remove dirt and/or grime from glass.
• Windshield and Glass - ensure that they are free of dirt and
any unnecessary stickers. No excessive tint.
Visibility
 Horn

• A vehicle horn is a sound-making device used to warn others

of the approach of the vehicle or of its presence. If sound
emitted from horn is low it should be replaced.
• Vehicle Maintenance is one of the very few
aspects we have control over in our driving
environment. The practice of preventative
maintenance saves time, money and LIVES.
Don't Let This Be You!
Violation of Defensive Driving Principles
 Road Traffic Injuries—a modern plague

• Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) take approximately 1.3 million

lives and seriously injure 20-50 million people each year.

• This amounts to 3,287 deaths per day and over 900 injuries
per second

• Rates are accelerating rapidly in developing countries, and

are expected to rise 87% by 2020.

• For men aged 15-44 road traffic injuries rank second (behind
HIV/AIDS) as the leading cause of premature death and ill
health worldwide.

Source: World Health Report 2004.

Chart reproduced from Jacobs G, Aeron-Thomas A, Astrop A. Estimating global road fatalities.
Crowthorne, Transport Research Laboratory, 2000 (TRL Report 445).
 Road Traffic Injuries—a modern plague

• 10th leading cause of death globally

• Latin America and the Caribbean have the highest RTI fatality
rate of any region of the world (26.1 deaths per 100,000
population).

• This fatality rate is expected to climb 48% by 2020 so that this

region is still predicted to have the highest rates in 2020.
Change Gear
Caution When Turning or Pulling Out
Violation of Defensive Driving Principles
Violation of Defensive Driving Principles
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
Tragedy Of Collisions
SAFETY FEATURES IN
MOTOR VEHICLES

 Passive safety features

 Active safety features

Passive safety
Passive safety features are features that help occupants of a
vehicle to stay alive and unharmed in the event of an accident.
These include:

 Seatbelts

 Front driver and passenger airbags

 Head protecting side airbags

 Head restraints

 Fuel pump shut-off devices

 Side impact bars

Active safety
Active safety features help drivers to avoid accidents. These
features may include:

 Anti-lock braking system (ABS)

This system prevents brakes from locking and allows
drivers to apply the brakes hard and fast with a minimal
risk of losing steering control. ABS shortens stopping
distances in most cases.

 Turn signals
Turn signals and brake lights to make your car's
movements visible to others on the road.

 High performance tyres

Tyres are the only point of contact between your
vehicle and the road and a good set will determine how
your car responds to driving conditions.
 Dynamic steering response
Dynamic steering response (DSR) corrects the rate of power
steering system to adapt it to the cars driving conditions.

 Traction control
Traction control actuates brakes or reduces throttle to restore
traction if driven wheels begin to spin.

 Powerful windscreen
Powerful windscreen wipers to increase your visibility.

 Four wheel drive

Four wheel drive (AWD) with a center differential. This distributes
power to all four wheels lessens the chances of wheel spin

 Directional headlights
Headlights which allow the driver to see obstacles ahead in the
roadway while turning a corner.

Reverse backup sensors

These alert drivers to nearby objects in their path when reversing.
 Lane departure warning system:
The Lane departure warning system is a mechanism used to alert the
driver if the car is moving out of the lane. There are two types of lane
departure warning system, one which warns the driver when the vehicle
starts to move away from the lane and the other which acts by itself ensuring the
vehicle is in a safe position in case no step is been taken by the driven in spite
of the alert.

 Autonomous Cruise Control:

Another passive safety feature is the autonomous cruise control that
will automatically slow the car when another car comes near and speed
up the car later. It is an optional cruise control feature that is mostly available in
high-end cars. Both laser and radar are used in the cruise control system.

 Crumple Zone:
Located in the front part and other parts of the vehicle, crumple zone is a
feature that manages the crash energy and absorbs it within the front section
without affecting the passengers.
 TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
Bell Road Point of impact Book Road

1135 2354

2
1
West Road

 Pedestrian Accident
accident involving
pedestrian and/or handcart.

Tie Road
 Point of impact
Bell Road Book Road

1135 2354

2
1
West Road

 Bicycle Accident
accident involving bicycle
and/or moped, except
pedestrian.
Tie Road
 Point of impact
Bell Road Book Road

Utility pole

1135 2354

2
West Road

 Single Vehicle Accident

accident with only one moving
vehicle, with the exception of
pedestrian and bicycle and
accidents with parked vehicles. Tie Road
 Point of impact
Bell Road Book Road

1135 2354

3
2
1 ´ West Road
4

 Overtaking Accident

Motor vehicles on the same

road when overtaking and
travelling in the same
direction. Tie Road
 Point of impact
Bell Road Book Road

1135 2354

3
2
´ ´ West Road
1 4

 Head-on Accident
Motor vehicles on the same
road in the opposite
directions, no turning.
Tie Road
 Failure to keep
traffic lane

2 Point of impact

 Head-on Accident
Motor vehicles on the same
1 road in the opposite
directions, no turning.
 Swerving from
pothole

2 Point of impact

Pothole
1
 Head-on Accident
Motor vehicles on the
same road in the
opposite directions,
no turning.
 Point of impact
Bell Road Book Road

1135 2354

3 2
West Road

 Rear-end Accident
Motor vehicles on the same
road in the same direction,
no turning or overtaking.
Tie Road
  Crossing Accident
Point of impact
At junction,
Maxfield motor vehicles
Avenue on different
roads, turning
or not turning.
1123

1
Spanish
Town Road
  Turning Accident
Point of impact at junction, motor
vehicles on the
Maxfield
same road, in
Avenue opposite direction,
when turning,
intended or carried
1123 out.

1
2

Spanish
Town Road
 Point of impact
Bell Road Book Road

Utility pole

1135 2354

2
West Road

 Other Accident
Cow
collision with train, animal or
animal-drawn vehicle, other
vehicle like tractor, parked vehicle,
when reversing, turning around, Tie Road
entering or moving off the road or
when due data are missing.
 Black Spot

is a location where:

 Many accidents have occurred.

 The risk of being involved in an
accident is high
and the risk of being injured is
high.
 A black spot may be an intersection or a
section of road or a certain length, or any
location which fulfils the definition.
Black spot
Black spot
Clarendon
WESTMORELAND
FACTORS THAT
CAUSE TRAFFIC
ACCIDENTS
The Grim Reality
00N not known/NA
01C fatigue /asleep
02C illness
03C learner driver
04C physical defects
05F driver influenced by drinks / drugs
06C inexperienced with the vehicle in use at
the time
07C proceeding at excessive speed with no
regard to conditions
08D failing to keep to the near side or to the
proper traffic lane
09D cutting in
10D overtaking improperly on the inside
11D overtaking improperly on off side
12D swerving
13D failing to stop to afford the free
passage of pedestrians
14D Turning around on the road
negligently
15D reverse negligently
16D failing to comply with traffic signs or
signals
17D failing to signal or giving incorrect
signal
18D pulling out from nearside without
due care
19D pulling out from offside without due
care
20D changing from one traffic lane to
another without due care
21E cyclist riding more than two abreast
22E cyclist riding with head down
23C inattention or diverted attention
24H hampered by passenger or animal
in or by luggage on vehicle
25D turning to the left without due care
26D negligence when opening vehicle
door
27H turning to the right without due care
28H insecure load
29H negligence when opening rear door
30D crossing without due care at road
junction
31E cyclist holding to another vehicle
32D losing control
33B dazzled by light of another vehicle
34D moving off without taking proper
precautions
35D stopping suddenly
36C misjudging clearance and/or distance
speed (vehicle or object)
37D following too closely behind
another vehicle
38C apparent error of judgement
/negligence
39C skidding (all vehicles)
40O motorcyclist not wearing crash
helmet
41H pillion passenger not wear crash
helmet
42H pillion passenger wearing crash
helmet
43E pedestrian crossing road from
nearside
44E pedestrian crossing road off
nearside
45E pedestrian crossed road, masked
by stationary vehicle
46E pedestrian crossed road, masked
by moving vehicle
47E pedestrian crossed road, not
masked by mow vehicle
48E pedestrian walking or standing in
road
49E pedestrian playing in road
50E pedestrian stepping/walking/
running/verging into the road off
footpath
51E pedestrian slipping or falling
52E pedestrian physical defects / sudden
illness
53F pedestrian influenced by drinks/drugs
54E pedestrian holding onto vehicle
55E pedestrian apparent error of
judgement / negligence, other than
above
56H boarding or alighting public
passenger vehicle without due care
57H boarding or alighting other vehicle
than PPV without due care
58H falling inside vehicle or from vehicle
59H passenger opened door without due
care
60H other negligence on part of
passenger
61F stealing ride
62F negligence on the part of conductor
or goods vehicle attendant
63F passenger influenced by drinks /
drugs
64O dog in the carriageway
65O other animal in the carriageway,
inclusive bolting horses
66A stationary vehicle dangerously
placed
67A collision with vehicle involved in
previous accident
68A other obstructions
69A mechanical defects or failure of brakes
70G mechanical defects or failure of tyres
or wheels
71G mechanical defects or failure of
steering
72G mechanical defects or failure of chain
73G mechanical defects or failure of frame
74G no front light
75G inadequate front lights
76G no rear light
77G inadequate rear lights
78G unattended vehicle running away
79G driver view obstructed by equipment,
load or obscured windscreen
80H vehicle overloaded, shifted or
defected load
81G any other feature of the vehicle or the
equipment, which contributed to the
accident
82A tracks in bad repair
83A wheels of the vehicle catching in
tramways or in the railway track
84A pothole
85A defect manhole cover
86A other road surface condition
87A road work in progress
88A view obscure by layout in the road,
inclusive object off carriageway
89A slippery road surface due to other
features than the weather
90A other road condition etc…
91B fog or mist
92B strong wind
93B heavy rain
94B glaring sun
95B other factors
96B not traced
97D cellular phone
 SEAT BELT USE

A seat belt is the most important safety device in a motor vehicle

PURPOSE
• Add restraint to the movement of driver and passenger
• Enables the driver to remain in control if vehicle swerves, skidds, collides,
etc.
• It reduces serious injury or death during collisions
• It prevents driver and passenger from being thrown from a vehicle on
impact
Staying In Control
SEAT BELT USE
Significance of Seat Belt Use
 DO’S AND DONT’S OF SEAT BELT USE
• Fit the diagonal strap down the shoulder across the chest and the lap
strap across the thighs or pelvis
• Fasten the lip into the receives (buckle)
• Pull the strap top ensure it fits snuggly over the body
• Never apply seat belt across a heavy jacket. It affects the proper
application of the seat belt
Significance of Seat Belt Use
Proper Seat Belt Use
Buckle Up In The Back
Effectiveness Of Seatbelt
Proper Use Of Airbag
Proper Use Of Airbag
Proper Use Of Airbag
Infant Restraint For Children
Infant Restraint For Children
Infant Restraint For Children
Obey Speed Limit
Obey Road
Signs
No Overtaking
Road Narrows
Slippery When Wet
Roundabout Ahead
Keep Left
No U-Turn
Give Way
Two Way Traffic
 Rear view Mirror
Purpose of mirror

•Enables a driver to observe activities taking place beside and /

or behind his vehicle.
•Broadens the scope of the driver’s vision
 Rear view Mirror

When to use the rear-view

mirror:
•Moving off
•Signaling
•Changing lanes / direction
•Opening the driver’s
stopping
•Reversing
 Rear view Mirror

Blind Spot- An area behind or beside a vehicle that is not

observed through the rear view mirror
Rear view Mirror
Rear view Mirror
 DISTRACTIONS

Do you think that a small

device like this one is the
cause of alot of accidents
worldwide? A lot of people
don’t. That’s the reason why
we ask you to observe closely
the following pictures. You will
probably change the way you
think.
Before we start, we warn you
that the following slides
contain graphic material.

This pictures are from a very

young girl whose dreams
faded once she made the
wrong choice of using her cell
phone while driving.
A SIMPLE SECOND OF DISTRACTION TOOK AWAY HER
LIFE AND DREAMS.
THIS COULD HAVE BEEN AVOIDED!
There are not second chances, Don’t think this can’t happen to you.....
WARNING: The following images contain graphic material.
 Roses that never reached it’s destination. They could have been for her mom, dad,
brother or boyfriend…We’ll never know! All we know is that it could have been avoided.
DO NOT use it when you
drive. Don’t risk your life!
 Speed Kills!!
The chances of Driver or
Passenger survival is speed
dependent.
At 50 km/h
At 70 km/h
At 90 km/h
Speed Determines The Outcome Of A Crash
Speed Determines The Outcome Of A Crash
Running Red Light Disaster
Crash; Injury To Pedestrian
Running Traffic Light
Running Traffic Light
 Driver Impairment
The reaction time of the driver will be affected if engaged
in any of the following actions. Reaction time of a driver is
between 0.75 to 1.5 seconds.
 Alcohol
 Rum, Vodka, Smirnoff Ice etc.

 Health
 Drugs
 Cocaine
 Marijuana
 Prescription

 Fatigue
 Sleepiness

 Technology
 Cell phone texting
 Cell phone talking
 TAILGATING
Tailgating is the act of following under the “heels” of another vehicle
The practice does not allow for adequate:
- thinking distance
- braking distance and
- stopping distance
When driving on a dry asphalted
` road, give consideration to the following:

SPEED km/h THINKING BRAKING STOPPING

DISTANCE DISTANCE DISTANCE
(m) (m) (m)
32 6 6 12
50 9 14 23
64 12 24 36
80 15 38 53
96 18 55 73
 TAILGATING
• Thinking Distance is associated with reaction time.
• Reaction time for the average
person is 0.5 seconds.
• Thinking distance

Miles/Hr Kilometers/ Thinking DISTANCE

MPH Hr Km/h M ft
20 32 4.45 14.6
30 50 6.95 30.4
40 64 8.9 38.9
50 80 11.1 48.6
60 96 13.7 60
70 112 15.55 68
 TAILGATING

Factors affecting reaction time (thinking distance) are:

– Driver’s health condition
– Alcohol
– Drugs
– Medication
– Fatigue
– Psychological

Drivers so affected can have their reaction time increase to

0.75 seconds.
 Braking Distance

Factors affecting braking distance are:

•Coefficient of friction between tyre and road surface
•Weather condition
•Condition of tyres
•Type of road surface
•Gradient of road surface
 Stopping Distance Chart
Stopping distance
Use Of Head Restraint
 DRIVER FATIGUE
• This is the feeling of extreme exhaustion while driving. It is often caused from:
– Drinking alcohol
– Lack of sleep
– Monotony of highway driving
• Dull landscape
• Repetitive pattern of oncoming headlights, trees, poles, white lines
– Long distance driving
– Night driving
– Excessive hours of work
– Irregular work-rest
schedule
 DRIVER FATIGUE

You may become fatigue if:

 you have been driving continuously for more that two hours
 You can’t remember the last few miles you drove
 You are blinking often and having difficulty focusing
 You are yawning regularly
 You are surprised by an overtaking vehicle
 You are falling asleep
 You are alarmed by your vehicle driving on the shoulder
 You are experiencing difficulty in keeping a steady course
 DRIVER FATIGUE
• Fatigue on the road can be a killer a typical accident so caused:
– Usually occur during late night, early morning or mid afternoon
– Is likely to be serious/fatal
– Is often a single vehicle that leaves the road
– Result in a crash at high speed
– The driver offered no attempt to avoid the accident
– The driver is alone in the vehicle
DRIVING FATIGUE
 DRIVER FATIGUE

• How to avoid fatigue

– Get a good night rest
– Schedule regular stops every two hours
– Avoid long drives at night
– Take a passenger with whom you can converse
– Keep an upright posture, shoulders, back and adjust seat so that the
legs flexes at a 45o angle
– Avoid soft, sleep inducing music
 DRIVER FATIGUE
Myths
You will not keep awake by:
- Drinking coffee
- Turning up the radio loudly
- Opening your eyes widely as possible
- Driving slowly or driving fast
- Winding down the window allowing the inflow of full guests of wind

THE ONLY ANTIDOTE FOR FATIGUE IS ADEQUATE REST

 OVERTAKING
LOOK

Observation:
 Look ahead observe every movement or intended movement
 Observe the traffic environment for safety
 Check your rear view mirror for approaching or overtaking vehicles
 OVERTAKING

ASSESS

Traffic environment:
Evaluate the traffic environment to determine whether it is safe to
overtake. Take the weather objects, animals, pedestrians and moving
vehicles in consideration.
 OVERTAKING

ASSESS

Distance
 Adequate sight distance
 CAUTION DO NOT OVERTAKE ON A BEND
 OVERTAKING
ASSESS

Execution
Adequate free space for overtaking
 OVERTAKING

Safety: DECIDE

 make a judgment whether it is safe to overtake and affirm

your intention
 OVERTAKING
ACT
Preparation:
 apply your right hand indicator
 overtake quickly and decisively
 Remain alert to all events or likely events
 Be prepared to abort the decision if necessary
 REVERSING
Reversing a vehicle is one of the most dangerous driving
manoeuvres, as it is difficult to get a good enough view of the
road behind you (without checking your blind spot).

When reversing to the right, turn your body and head to the right and
look over your right shoulder.
Check the opposite shoulder also. If you are turning while reversing,
check that the front end of the vehicle does not hit anything.
 REVERSING
When Not to Reverse
Situations in which it is not safe to attempt to reverse.
Busy roads - as there will usually be too much traffic in
either direction for reversing safely. A quieter side road will
usually be safer for reversing or turning around.

If you do use a side street to reverse, do not reverse

directly into a busy road from the side street, as you can't
always see approaching traffic.

Preparation
 Look in all of your mirrors (both rear view and side mirrors)
so that you can see as much of the road as possible. You should
also check your blind spot so that you can get a full view of the
road behind you. This will not be achieved simply by checking
your mirrors.
 REVERSING
 Most of your checking should be done through the
rear mirror when you check your blind spot, as this will
give the best view.

 Remember that the front of your vehicle will swing

out when you reverse around a corner, so you should
always make sure that there is enough room to
accommodate you before you start reversing.
 If there are any obstacles blocking or partially
obscuring your view of the road behind you (for example,
parked vehicles, trees or buildings), you may want to ask a
passenger (if one is travelling with you) to help you out.
 REVERSING SAFELY
 Check for nearby pedestrians,cyclists and traffic by looking
carefully all around, in front of and behind you, over both your
shoulders and in your mirrors.

 Take special care where small children may be gathered,

such as schools, playgrounds, residential roads, car parks or your
own driveway.

 If your view is restricted, ask for help when reversing and

take extra care when reversing in darkness.

 Give way to other traffic or pedestrians.

 When reversing from a major road onto a minor road,

wait until it is safe, reverse slowly far enough into the side road
to allow you to take up the correct position on the left-hand side
when rejoining the major road.
 REVERSING SAFELY
 Move slowly and take extra care while reversing your
vehicle. Before reversing, check that the way behind you is
clear.

 If you are in doubt get out of your vehicle and check

the area. You must not reverse from a minor road onto a major
road as it is unsafe to do so.

 Put the vehicle in the reverse gear and turn sideways in your
seat to look over your shoulder in the direction you are moving.

 Hold the steering wheel firmly.

 If you are reversing straight back or to the left, turn

your body and head to the left and look back over your left
shoulder.
 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

SLIPPERY WHEN WET

• True of all roads at the beginning of a downpour
• Rain mixes with dirt and debris to become a slippery paste
• Contact between tyre and road surface is reduced
• Friction is reduced and
• Fraction is reduced
 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

SLIPPERY WHEN WET

• Possibility of skidding is increased
• Braking distance is increased
• Steering control is decreased
• Risk of an accident is increased
 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

HYDROPLANING OR AQUAPLANING

• This is a condition in which the tyres glide or float on a film of water.

• Water of depth 2 mm or more can trigger this condition
• There is no manoeuvre that corrects hydroplaning – braking or steering is
useless as the vehicle is afloat, prevention is the
 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

This makes speeding on a wet surface treacherous,

 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

Loss of tire grip on wet roads are due to water and road
debris,
 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

Which reduce the friction between the tyre and the road
surface
 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

This results from rain mixing with dirt and oil, creating a
kind of lubricant. It is most evident at the beginning of a
downpour…
DRIVING ON WET ROADS

And can cause skidding.

 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

As friction between the tyre and the road surface decreases,

 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

Tyre grip decreases and braking distance increases

 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

Vehicles can easily spin out of control, skid off the road,
slide uncontrollably, causing havoc.
DRIVING ON WET ROADS

When next it rains

DRIVING ON WET ROADS

Slow down
DRIVING ON WET ROADS

It is the key to arriving alive.

 DRIVING ON WET ROADS

HYDROPLANING RESULT FROM …

• Water depth of 2 mm or more on the road surface

• Poor or over worn tyres
• Driving too fast on a wet surface no matter the condition of the tyres
 DRIVING ON WET ROADS
TO AVOID HYDROPLANING:

• Wear proper tyres of thread depth 1.6 mm or more

• Inflate tyres to the correct pressure, allowing for proper contact with
the road surface
• Drive moderately/slowly across streams of water
• Drive moderately/slowly during rainfall
 Night Driving

Some challenges of night driving:

•Impaired visibility
•Dark coloured object not readily seen
•Range of vision is shortened
•A greater need to be more aware and alert
Night Driving
 Night Driving

Some challenges of night driving:

•Driver is subjected to greater stress
•Likelihood of being dazzled
•Pedestrians might not be readily seen
 Night Driving
Guidelines for night driving:

•Keep headlights, windscreen, windows and mirrors clean

•Ensure all lights are working
•Make scheduled stops for relaxation
•Drive moderately and at speed within your range of vision
•Dip headlights when approaching or traveling behind other
vehicles
 Night Driving
Guidelines for night driving:

•If dazzled or approached by a vehicle with bright beams, look

to the left; slow down or stop if necessary
•Dip headlights in towns or well lit areas
•Overtake only it it can be done within your range of vision
•When parked in dark areas, keep park lights on
 Emergency Vehicles
• Legal Definition

• The road traffic (Emergency Vehicles) Regulations 1961 Define

emergency vehicles as:
• Motor vehicle carrying officer or fireman or appliances– or members of the
JCF to or from the scene of a crime…

• Any ambulance attached to the public Hospital / University / Military

hospital or otherwise (approved by the responsible Ministry), carrying
hospital attendants or appliances to or from a place ---is in immediate need
of medical attention
 Emergency Vehicles

• Right requirement of Emergency Vehicles

• Prior right of passage along any roads
- ie. Priority access to or along any corridor

• Given an audible signal by siren horn

 Emergency Vehicles

Response to emergency vehicles

• Driver / operator of all vehicles … shall immediately drive to the left curb, stop
and remain stationary…

• Pedestrian on the road shall immediately proceed … to the extreme edge of the
road and remain there…

• No vehicle shall follow closer than 500ft behind an emergency vehicle

 OLD
BROKEN HARBOUR
WHITE LINE BYPASS
 OLD
HARBOUR
BYPASS

VEHICLE
UNBROKEN OVERTAKING
WHITE LINE IMPROPERLY
 OLD
HARBOUR
BYPASS

UNBROKEN
WHITE LINE
CANNOT
OVERTAKE

BROKEN WHITE
LINE
CAN OVERTAKE
 DEFENSIVE DRIVING TIPS
– Reduce your speed on wet roads, braking takes
longer on wet roads than dry.
• Use hands-free instruments with cellular
phones, still making its use as restricted as
possible.
• Turn on your headlights in dense foggy
conditions.
• Never drive at a rate at which you are not able
to stop within your range of vision.
 DEFENSIVE DRIVING TIPS

– Never drive through moving water, its force may be

more than the weight f your vehicle.
– Keep your wind screen washer fluid topped up.
– Never drive if you are feeling tired, drowsy or fatigued.
– Try not to remain besides long vehicles for too long.
You could end up in the vehicle’s blind spot and
become a victim of turning accident.
– Execute a general safety check before commencing
long journeys.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES LEGISLATION
 This piece of legislation was enacted in 1999
and was devised to assist in the reduction of
traffic injuries as it was revealed that most of
the persons killed were not wearing seatbelt or
helmets.
 Persons operating motor cars are required to
ensure that their vehicles are equipped with
seatbelts which are to worn by both drivers
and passengers.

 Failure of the driver to ensure that the vehicle

is equipped with seatbelt is an offence. All
children should be belted, either in a seatbelt
or child restraint system, depending on their
age.
“ Fatality does not only mean physically dead, you
can be alive and emotionally dead…”

Keith Tucker,
Road accident victim
Road Safety Advocate