EDEXCEL IGCSE PHYSICS 1-5

The Turning Effect of Forces

Edexcel IGCSE Physics pages 42 to 48
Content applying to Triple Science only is shown in
red type on the next slide and is indicated on
subsequent slides by ‘TRIPLE ONLY’

May 21st 2012

 Edexcel IGCSE Specification
Section 1: Forces and motion
c) Forces, movement, shape and momentum
recall and use the relationship: moment = force × perpendicular
distance from the pivot
recall that the weight of a body acts through its centre of gravity
recall and use the principle of moments for a simple system of
parallel forces acting in one plane
understand that the upward forces on a light beam, supported at
its ends, vary with the position of a heavy object placed on the
beam

Red type: Triple Science Only

 The moment of a force
Also known as the turning effect of a force.

The moment of a force about any point is

defined as:

moment = force x perpendicular distance

from the pivot
Force F exerting an
moment = F x d ANTICLOCKWISE
moment through the
Unit: newton-metre (Nm) spanner on the nut

Moments can be either CLOCKWISE or

ANTICLOCKWISE
 Question
Calculate the moment exerted with the
claw hammer if the person exerts a
force of 80N and distance d equals
25cm.

moment = F x d
= 80N x 25cm
= 80N x 0.25m
= 20 Nm CLOCKWISE
 Answers
Complete:
Force (N) Distance Moment (Nm)
40 3m 120
120
200 5m 1000
50
50 4m 200
3000 20 cm 600
600
 Question
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The ‘moment of a force’ is another name for the ‘________
turning
effect of force’.
The moment of a force is equal to the ________
force multiplied by
the perpendicular _________
distance between the line of ________
action of
the force and the turning point.
Turning effect is measured in _________
newton metres.
moments
__________ can be either clockwise or anticlockwise.
WORD SELECTION:
moments force distance newton turning action
 Centre of gravity
The centre of gravity of a body is that point at which
the weight of the body acts.

The centre of gravity of

a symmetrical body is
along the axis of
symmetry.

Centre of gravity is
also sometimes called
centre of mass.
centres of gravity of regular shapes
If suspended, a body will come to rest with its centre
of gravity directly below the point of suspension.

Centre
of
gravity

Centre Of Gravity - YouTube.FLV

Finding the centre of gravity of a card
Pierce the card in at least two
places.
Suspend the card from one of these
holes.

Centre of
Hang a plumbline from the point of
gravity suspension.
Using the plumbline as a reference
draw a vertical line on the card.
Repeat for the other hole(s).
The centre of gravity is where the
lines cross on the card.
 Stability
Centre of Centre of Centre of
gravity gravity gravity

stable balanced unstable - toppling

A body is stable as long as its centre of gravity

remains vertically above its base.
If this is not the case, the body will topple.
There are three states of equilibrium:
   Stable equilibrium 
   Unstable equilibrium
   Neutral equilibrium
 Stable equilibrium
When the center of gravity of a body lies below point of suspension
   

or support, the body is said to be in  STABLE EQUILIBRIUM. For

example a book lying on a table is in stable equilibrium.

Explanation
A book lying on a horizontal surface is an example of stable
   

equilibrium. If the book is lifted from one edge and then allowed to
fall,it will come back to its original position.
 Other examples of stable equilibrium are bodies lying on the floor
such as chair, table etc.
Reason of stability
When the book is lifted its center of gravity is raised . The line of
 

action of weight passes through the    base of the book. A torque

due to weight of the book brings it back to the original position.
 Unstable equilibrium

When the center of gravity of a body lies above the point of

 

suspension or support, the body is said to    be in unstable

equilibrium

Example
pencil standing on its point or a stick in vertically standing
position.

   
Explanation:

If a pencil standing vertically is slightly disturbed from its

position it will not come back to its original position. This
type of equilibrium is called unstable equilibrium, other
example of unstable equilibrium are  vertically standing
cylinder and funnel etc.
 Neutral equilibrium

When the center of gravity of a body lies at the point of

suspension or support, the body is said to be in neutral
equilibrium. Example: rolling ball.

Explanation

If a ball is pushed slightly to roll, it will neither come back to

its original nor it will roll forward rather it will    remain at rest.
This type of equilibrium is called NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM
Reason of neutral equilibrium
   If the ball is rolled, its center of gravity is
neither raised nor lowered. This means that
its center of gravity is at the same height as
before.
 Question
What factors make a modern racing car as stable
as possible?

1. A wide wheel base.

2. A low centre of gravity.
TRIPLE ONLY

The principle of moments

When an object is not turning (e.g. balanced):
The total clockwise moment equals the total
anticlockwise moment

If the ruler above is balanced:

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment
W2 x d2 = W1 x d1
TRIPLE ONLY

Question 1

On a see-saw Mary, weight 600N balances John, weight

200N when she sits 1.5m away from the pivot. How far from
the pivot is John?
Applying the principle of moments:
Mary’s weight x distance = John’s weight x distance
600N x 1.5m = 200N x distance
900 = 200 x distance
900 ÷ 200 = distance
John is 4.5m from the pivot
TRIPLE ONLY

Question 2

Calculate the weight Applying the principle of moments:

of the beam, W0 if it is
W1 x d1 = W0 x d0
balanced when:
W1 = 6N; 6N x 12 cm = W0 x 36 cm
d1 = 12 cm;
d0 = 36 cm. W0 = 72 / 36
W0 the weight of the beam = 2N
TRIPLE ONLY

Complete for a balanced ruler:

W1 d1 W2 d2
5N 20 cm 10 N 10 cm
4N 15 cm 6N 10 cm
6N 12 cm
12 cm 2N 36 cm
88 N
N 25 cm 2N 100 cm
TRIPLE ONLY

Forces on a beam or bridge

Column A Column B

When the lorry is at

the centre of the lorry weight = 24 000N
bridge its weight will
be supported equally
by the two columns A
and B. 12 000N 12 000N
TRIPLE ONLY

Column A Column B

When the lorry was lorry weight = 24 000N

over columns A all of
its weight would have
been supported by
this column
24 000N
TRIPLE ONLY

Column A Column B

When the lorry is ¾ the

way across the bridge lorry weight = 24 000N
column B will bear ¾ of
its weight. Column A
bears the remaining ¼.
6 000N
18 000N
TRIPLE ONLY

What are the column forces when the lorry is one third the
way across the bridge?

Column A Column B

lorry weight = 24 000N

8 000N
16 000N
TRIPLE ONLY
Question
Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:
The turning effect of a ________
force is also called the ________
moment of
a force. Moment is measured in _________
newton metres.
If a body is balanced the total clockwise moment is _______
equal to
the total ____________
anticlockwise moment.

A body will be _______

stable if its centre of gravity lies vertically
above the _______
base of the body. A tractor has a large wheel
base to reduce the possibility of it __________.
toppling

WORD SELECTION:

toppling anticlockwise newton moment

equal stable force base
TRIPLE ONLY

The Turning Effect of Forces

Notes questions from pages 42 to 48
1. Give the equation for the moment of a force and state its unit. (see
page 43)
2. What is meant by ‘centre of gravity’? (see page 44)
3. (a) What condition must apply for a sea-saw to be balanced? (b)
How far away from the pivot must Jane, weight 400N sit in order to
balance George, weight 600N who is 2m from the pivot? (see pages
41 and 42)
4. A bridge is supported by two columns. Describe how the forces in
the columns vary as a bus crosses the bridge. (see page 47)

5. Describe how to find the centre of gravity of a piece of card. (see

page 45)
6. How is centre of gravity related to the stability of an object? (see
page 46)
7. Answer the questions on page 48.
8. Verify that you can do all of the items listed in the end of chapter
checklist on page 48.
DOUBLE ONLY

The Turning Effect of Forces

Notes questions from pages 42 to 48
1. Give the equation for the moment of a force and
state its unit. (see page 43)
2. What is meant by ‘centre of gravity’? (see page
44)

3. Describe how to find the centre of gravity of a

piece of card. (see page 45)
4. How is centre of gravity related to the stability of
an object? (see page 46)
5. Answer question 1 on page 48.