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Lecture13 - Network Layerctd

This document discusses inter-AS routing and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It begins by explaining the motivations and challenges of routing between autonomous systems (AS), including autonomy, scalability, and trust. It then classifies AS types and provides an example AS topology. The document outlines the scale of interdomain routing with over 300,000 routes globally. It also explains that metrics are not comparable across AS. The document introduces BGP as the de facto inter-AS routing protocol, describing its external BGP (eBGP) for communication between ASes and internal BGP (iBGP) for disseminating routes within an AS. It details the BGP update message format and several path attributes used, including next hop

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For Chegg
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18 views

Lecture13 - Network Layerctd

This document discusses inter-AS routing and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). It begins by explaining the motivations and challenges of routing between autonomous systems (AS), including autonomy, scalability, and trust. It then classifies AS types and provides an example AS topology. The document outlines the scale of interdomain routing with over 300,000 routes globally. It also explains that metrics are not comparable across AS. The document introduces BGP as the de facto inter-AS routing protocol, describing its external BGP (eBGP) for communication between ASes and internal BGP (iBGP) for disseminating routes within an AS. It details the BGP update message format and several path attributes used, including next hop

Uploaded by

For Chegg
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 3; Lecture 2

How to route packets?


Part III - Inter-AS Routing
Motivations of AS

Autonomy: routing policies can be managed autonomously

Scalability: most of the AS routers do not need to know the complete


complexity of the Internet through the use of default (or aggregated) routes
Classifications of AS

Multihomed
AS

Transit AS
Stub AS
Practical Example: PTCL AS

PTCL
AS 17557

http://www.robtex.com/as/as17557.html
Challenges in Interdomain Routing (1)

Matter of scale
~300,000 routes (or network prefixes) in Internet’s BGP table

The objectives in such large-scale routing is more modest.

Our goal, more specifically, is:

To have loop-free routing that is policy compliant


Challenges in Interdomain Routing (2)

Autonomous domains
Routing metric across AS are meaningless.

A metric of 100 might have one meaning in one AS and a


different meaning in another AS

Accordingly, metrics are not advertised across AS and


only reachability is advertised
Challenges in Interdomain Routing (3)
Matters of trust
How to ensure routing misconfigurations are non-disruptive?

http://i25.tinypic.com/jsyr8l.jpg
Inter-AS protocols: EGP
 EGP (name of protocol) is an example of an inter-
AS routing protocol used in the early Internet

 EGP was not scalable since it assumed simple


relationships between AS (parent/ child relationship;
tree structure; single-backbone – as shown below)
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
(the de-facto inter-AS routing protocol)
- RFC 1771
- TCP session over port 179
- Replaced EGP
- Decentralized approach
- Moving away from earlier Internet model

BGP is a classless routing protocol and runs on TCP


to exchange reachability information between AS
Interdomain Routing Protocol

• Interdomain Protocols have to deal with politics. As


an example, few routing constraints are:

– Do not carry commercial traffic on the educational


network
– Never send traffic from the pentagon on a route through
Iraq
– Traffic starting and ending at apple should not transit
Google.
– Etc.
Two flavors of BGP: eBGP and iBGP
iBGP
eBGP

• External BGP (eBGP): exchanging routes between


Autonomous Systems
• Internal BGP (iBGP): disseminating routes to external
destinations among the routers within an AS
Question: What’s the difference between IGP and iBGP?

Slide credit: Nick Feamster (Georgia Tech)


IGP and EGP Combination

1) Routers A, D, E run eBGP with external AS peers;

IGP: Routes inside an AS to internal destinations


2) All routers run iBGP
IBGP: Routes inside an AS to external destinations
BGP Update Message and
BGP Path Attributes
The BGP attributes are a set of parameters that
describe the characteristics of a prefix (route).

1. Origin
2. AS Path
3. Next Hop
4. Local-Pref
5. Multi-Exit Discriminator (MED)
BGP Path Attribute: Next-hop

Next-hop: iBGP Next-hop:


192.5.89.89 4.79.2.2

4.79.2.2 4.79.2.1

Next-hop: IP address to send packets en route to destination.


(Question: How to ensure that the next-hop IP address is
reachable?)

Slide credit: Nick Feamster (Georgia Tech)


BGP Path Attribute: Local Preference
Traffic
Higher local pref
Primary

Destination

Backup

Lower local pref

• Control over outbound traffic


• Used to prefer exit point from local AS
• Useful for preferring routes from one AS over another (e.g.,
primary-backup semantics)
• A router with higher value for local-pref is used to exit the AS

Slide credit: Nick Feamster (Georgia Tech)


BGP Path Attribute: AS Path
AS1-AS2-AS3 is shorter than
AS4-AS5-AS6-AS7
Traffic

Destination

• Among routes with highest local preference, select route with


shortest AS path length
• Shortest AS path != shortest path, for any interpretation of
“shortest path”
• Avoids loops, rejects adverts with its own ID in AS-Path
Slide credit: Nick Feamster (Georgia Tech)
BGP Path Attribute: MED
(multi-exit discriminator)

San Francisco Dest.

New York
MED: 20 Traffic MED: 10

I
Los Angeles
• Control over inbound traffic
• Mechanism for AS to control how traffic enters it, given multiple possible entry points
• Router with lower value is selected as entry point

Slide credit: Nick Feamster (Georgia Tech)


To learn more:
http://www.ripe.net/projects/ris/index.html

Also, see http://traceroute.org


References

Chapter 4:
The Network Layer [K&R]
Section 4.5 and 4.6 (in particular)

Chapter 4:
Internetworking [P&D]
Section 4.2
[ End of lecture ]

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