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Probability of and or Complements

The document covers probability concepts for independent events, dependent events, and mutually exclusive events. For independent events, the probability of both occurring is the product of their individual probabilities. For dependent events, the probability factors in the conditional probability.

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jovielyn kathley manalo
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38 views21 pages

Probability of and or Complements

The document covers probability concepts for independent events, dependent events, and mutually exclusive events. For independent events, the probability of both occurring is the product of their individual probabilities. For dependent events, the probability factors in the conditional probability.

Uploaded by

jovielyn kathley manalo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability using And,Or and

Complements
Independent Events
• Two events are Independent if the
occurrence of 1 has no effect on the
occurrence of the other. (a coin tossed 2
times, the first toss has no effect on the
2nd toss)
• If A & B are independent events then the probability
that both A & B occur is:
• P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B)
• A number cube is rolled and a coin is
tossed. Find the probabilities:
1. P(5)
2. P(heads)
3. P(5 and heads)
1. P(5) = 1/6
2. P(heads) = 1/2
3. P(5 and heads) = P(5)  P(heads)
1 1=

6 2
1=
12
Dependent Events
• Two events A and B are
dependent events if the
occurrence of one affects the
occurrence of the other.
Dependent Events
• If A & B are dependent events, then the
probability that both A & B occur is:
• P(A&B) = P(A) * P(B/A)

• The probability that B will occur given that


A has occurred is called the conditional
probability of B given A and is written
P(B|A).
Comparing Dependent and
Independent Events
• You randomly select two cards from a
standard 52-card deck. What is the
probability that the first card is not a face
card (a king, queen, or jack) and the
second card is a face card if
• (1) you replace the first card before
selecting the second, and
• (2) you do not replace the first card?
• (1) If you replace the first card before
selecting the second card, then A and B are
independent events. So, the probability is:
• P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B) = 40 * 12 = 30
52 52 169
• ≈ 0.178
• (2) If you do not replace the first card before
selecting the second card, then A and B are
dependent events. So, the probability is:
• P(A and B) = P(A) • P(B|A) = 40*12 = 40
52 51 221
• ≈ .0181
Mutually Exclusive Events
Intersection of A & B
• To find P(A or B) you must consider what
outcomes, if any, are in the intersection of
A and B.
• If there are none, then A and B are
mutually exclusive events and
P(A or B) = P(A)+P(B)
• If A and B are not mutually exclusive, then
the outcomes in the intersection (A and B)
are counted twice when P(A) and P(B) are
added.
• So P(A and B) must be subtracted once
from the sum
EXAMPLE 1

• One six-sided die is rolled.


• What is the probability of rolling a multiple
of 3 or 5?
• P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) = 2/6 + 1/6 = 1/2
• 0.5
EXAMPLE 2

• One six-sided die is rolled. What is the


probability of rolling a multiple of 3 or a
multiple of 2?
• A = Mult 3 = 2 outcomes (3,6)
• B = mult 2 = 3 outcomes (2,4,6)
• P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
• P(A or B) = 2/6 + 3/6 – 1/6 =
• 2/3 ≈ 0.67
EXAMPLE 3

• In a poll of high school juniors, 6 boys took


French and 8 girls took french,11 boys
took math class and 7 girls took math.
• How many juniors surveyed were either
girl or took math?
• A = girl
• B = took math
• P(A) = 15/32, P(B) = 18/32
• P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)
• P(A or B) = 15/32 + 18/32 – 7/32
= 26/32
= 13/16
Using complements to find
Probability

• The event A’, called the complement of


event A, consists of all outcomes that are
not in A.
• The notation A’ is read ‘A prime’.
Probability of the complement of an
event
• The probability of the complement
of A is :

• P(A’) = 1 - P(A)
EXAMPLE 4

• A card is randomly selected


from a standard deck of 52
cards.
• Find the probability of the
given event.
• a. The card is not a king.
1 – P(king) = 1 – 4/52
= 48/52 ≈ 0.923
• b. The card is not an ace or a jack.
• P(not ace or jack)
• 1 – P(ace or jack)= 1- P(4/52 + 4/52)
= 1- 8/52
= 44/52 ≈ 0.846
• In a survey of 200 pet owners, 103 owned dogs, 88 owned
cats, 25 owned birds, and 18 owned reptiles.
• 1. None of the respondents owned both a cat and a bird.
• What is the probability that they owned a cat or a bird?
• 113/200
• = 0.565

• 2. Of the respondents, 52 owned both a cat and a dog.


• What is the probability that a respondent owned a cat or a
dog?
• 139/200
• = 0.695
Assignment

Worksheet on Probability #’s 1-24

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