Wireless

Communication
Hwajung Lee

Key Reference:
Prof. Jong-Moon Chung’s Lecture Notes at Yonsei University
Wireless Communications
• Bluetooth
• Wi-Fi
• Mobile Communications
• LTE
• LTE-Advanced
Mobile Communications Handover
Mobile Communications

Downlink & Uplink

Mobile Communications Handover
Mobile Communications

Handover
Mobile Communications Handover
Mobile Communications

Handover
Mobile Communications Handover
Mobile Communications

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Mobile Communications Handover
Mobile Communications

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Mobile Communications Handover
Mobile Communications

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Mobile Communications Handover
Mobile Communications

Handover
What is Cellular?

(a)

(b)

(c)

Possible Cell Arrangement

To Overcome the Limited Frequency
Band
• Cellular Technology
• Increase reusability by increase the number of cells
• Multiple Access Technology
• Allow multiple users to share a frequency band
Types of Multiple Access Technology
• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
FDMA
• Filter is needed at the receiver.
• In a given frequency band
• Large number of subchannels = Large number of users supported
• Narrower subchannels  Low quality of sound & More interference
• Closer subchannels  More interference
• Due to interference, a guard band is necessary
TDMA
• Time slot, Time gate
• IS-54 TDMA
• In the US
• Sets of 3 time slots in 30KHz
• IS-136 TDMA
• In the US
• Sets of 6 time slots in 30KHz
• GSM (Global System for Mobile)
• In Europe
• Sets of 8 time slots in 200KHz
CDMA
• Multiple signals in the same frequency band and in the same
time slot.
• Each signal uses a different code (i.e., a spread spectrum code)
• Originally Spread Spectrum technology for a military use.
• More secure against an eavesdropping
• More resilient against a noise
• The receiver, must know:
• Spread spectrum code
• The time the code was generated  Need to be synchronized
• Currently use GPS (Global Positioning System)
CDMA
• Spread Spectrum
• (ex) a signal with 10KHz  (125 times) 1.25MHz, a signal strength
becomes a lot weaker. Like dropping a drop of ink in a water cup.
Since the signal is extremely weak, it sounds like one of a noise
 (advantage)
• interference between signals will decrease.
• Impact of a noise will affect to a small portion of the signal  improve the
quality of sounds
CDMA
• White Noise (= Write Gaussian Noise)
• Well-known noise  it can be eliminated using a filter
• Spread Spectrum
• Using PN Sequence (Pseudo random Noise Sequence)
(ex) water in the water + a drop of ink example
Original Signal (Analog)  Convert to a digital signal  XOR with PN Sequence
 Modulated Analog signal
• Receiver: Accept only the signal with the same PN sequence
• i.e. the receiver can demodulate the CDMA signal which it knows the PN
sequence.
• Each communication pair uses a different PN Sequence
CDMA: Spread Codes
CDMA: Generation of a CDMA Signal
CDMA: Example
• User 1
• Data = 01
• Spread Code (PN Sequence) = 10101010
• CDMA Signal with XOR =

• User 2
• Data = 11
• Spread Code (PN Sequence) = 00001111
• CDMA Signal with XOR =

• User 3
• Data = 00
• Spread Code (PN Sequence) = 11001100
• CDMA Signal with XOR =
CDMA: Combining CDMA Signals
• Convert 1s and 0s to a digital signal
• 1: -A pulse
• 0: A pulse
• Add
• CDMA Signal of User 1 =
• CDMA Signal of User 2 =
• CDMA Signal of User 3 =
• Combined Signal =
CDMA: At the Receiver
• Receiver of User 1
• Receive the combined signal =
• Multiply the Spread Code (PN Sequence) to the received signal
• PN Sequence of the User 1 = 10101010
• Recover the original signal from the User 1 =
 Mobile Communications

Mobile Phone Evolution

• 1st Generation (1G)
• AMPS
• 2nd Generation (2G)
• GSM, IS-95 (cdmaOne)
• 3rd Generation (3G)
• UMTS (WCDMA), CDMA2000
• 4th Generation (4G)
• LTE-A
List of Mobile Phone Generations
 AMPS

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)

• 1st Generation (1G) mobile cellular phone

• Analog standard using FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

• Developed by Bell Labs

• Introduced in North America in Oct. 1983

 GSM
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

• 2nd Generation (2G) mobile cellular phone: Digital system

• Introduced in Finland in 1991

• Dominant global standard

• Over 90% market share
• Operated in over 219 countries & territories
 GSM
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

• GSM uses TDMA & FDMA combined

• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

• FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

 GSM

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)

• GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds
up to 9.6 kbps, and SMS (Short Message Service)
 GSM
GSM

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)

• SIM is a detachable smart card
• SIM contains user subscription information and phone book
 GSM
GSM

SIM Advantages
• SIM enables a user to maintain user information even after
switching cellular phones

• Or, by changing ones SIM a user can change cellular phone

operators while using the same the mobile phone
 IS-95: cdmaOne

IS-95
• IS-95 (Interim Standard 95) is the first CDMA based
2G digital cellular standard
• Why CDMA?
CDMA performs well against (narrow band)
interference and (multipath) signal fading

• cdmaOne is the brand name for IS-95 that was

developed by Qualcomm
 IS-95: cdmaOne

IS-95
• Hutchison launched the first commercial cdmaOne network
in Hong Kong in September 1995

• IS-95 traffic channels support voice or data at bit rates of up to

14.4 kbps
 UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

• 3rd Generation (3G) mobile cellular system

• Evolution of GSM

• UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) supports

several different terrestrial air interfaces
 UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

• Multiuser Access in UTRA can be supported by
UTRA-FDD or UTRA-TDD
• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)
• TDD (Time Division Duplex)
 UMTS: WCDMA

WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)

• 3rd Generation (3G) mobile cellular system
that uses the UTRA-FDD mode
• 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)
Release 99
• Up to 2 Mbps data rate
 UMTS: WCDMA

WCDMA
• First commercial network opened in Japan is 2001
• Seamless mobility for voice and packet data applications
• QoS (Quality of Service) differentiation for high efficiency of
service delivery
• Simultaneous voice and data support
• Interworks with existing GSM networks
 CDMA2000

CDMA2000
• 3G mobile cellular system
• Standardized by 3GPP2

• Evolution of IS-95 cdmaOne standards

• Uses CDMA & TDMA
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
• TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
 CDMA2000

CDMA2000
• Initially used in North America and South Korea
(Republic of Korea)
 CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution-Data Optimized) enables
2.4 Mbps data rate

• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network launched in South Korea

on January 2002
 CDMA2000

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
• Regarded as the first 3G system based on ITU standards
• ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is the
specialized agency for information and
communication technology of the UN (United
Nations)
 HSDPA

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

• Enhanced 3G mobile communications protocol

• Evolution of UMTS for higher data speeds and

capacity

• Belongs to the HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access)

family of protocols
 HSDPA

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

• HSDPA commercial networks became available in
2005

• Peak Data Rate

• Downlink: 14 Mbps (Release 5)
 EV-DO Rev. A

EV-DO Rev. A (Revision A)

• Peak Data Rate
• Downlink: 3.1 Mbps
• Uplink: 1.8 Mbps

• Launched in the USA on October 2006

• VoIP support based on low latency and low bit rate

communications
 EV-DO Rev. A

EV-DO Rev. A
• Enhanced Access Channel MAC
• Decreased connection establishment time

• Multi-User Packet technology enables the ability for more than

one user to share the same timeslot
• QoS (Quality of Service) flags included for QoS control
 HSPA+

Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

• HSPA+ all IP network first launched in Hong Kong
in 2009
• WCDMA (UMTS) based 3G enhancement
• HSPA+ is a HSPA evolution
 HSPA+

Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

• Peak Data Rate
• Downlink: 168 Mbps
• Uplink: 22 Mbps
• MIMO (Multiple-Input & Multiple-Output) multiple-antenna
technique applied
• Why MIMO? MIMO uses uncorrelated multiple antennas both at
the transmitter and receiver to increase the data rate while using
the same signal bandwidth as a single antenna system.
 HSPA+

Evolved High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA+)

• Higher Date Rate Accomplished by
• MIMO multiple-antenna technique

• Higher order modulation (64QAM)

• Dual-Cell HSDPA is used to combine

• multiple cells into one
 EV-DO Rev B

EV-DO Rev. B (Revision B)

• EV-DO Rev. B was first deployed in Indonesia on January
2010
• Multi-Carrier evolution of Rev. A
• Higher data rates per carrier
• Downlink Peak
• 4.9 Mbps per carrier
• Uplink Peak
• 1.8 Mbps per carrier
 EV-DO Rev B

EV-DO Rev. B
• Reduced latency from statistical multiplexing across channels
 Reduced delay  Improved QoS

• Longer talk-time & standby time

• Hybrid frequency re-use & Reduced interference at Cell Edges and

Adjacent Sectors  Improved QoS at the Cell Edge
 EV-DO Rev B

EV-DO Rev. B
• More Efficient Asymmetric Data Rate Support
• Downlink ≠ Uplink Data Rates

• Asymmetric Service Examples

• File transfer
• Web browsing
• Multimedia content delivery
• etc.
 EV-DO Rev B
LT
E
Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
• LTE launched in North American on September 2010 with the
Samsung SCH-R900
• Deployed on both GSM and the CDMA mobile operators
 EV-DO Rev B

Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

• Peak Data Rate (Release 8)
• Downlink: 300 Mbps
• Uplink: 75 Mbps
 LTE-A

LTE-A (LTE-Advanced)
• Considered as a 4G technology based on
the ITU-R IMT-Advanced process

• Peak Data Rate (Release 10)

• Downlink: 3 Gbps
• Uplink: 1.5 Gbps
 LTE-A

LTE-A (LTE-Advanced)
• LTE-A incorporates higher order MIMO (4×4 and beyond) and
allows multiple carriers to be bonded into a single stream
 References
• H. Holma and A. Toskala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS: High Speed Radio Access for Mobile
Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
• A. R. Mishra, Advanced Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:
2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
• A. R. Mishra, Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimisation:
2G/2.5G/3G...Evolution to 4G. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
• R. Steele, P. Gould, and C. Lee, GSM, cdmaOne and 3G Systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
• J. Korhonen, Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications. Artech House, 2003.
• H. Holma and A. Toskala, WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile
Communications. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
• “HSPA Evolution brings Mobile Broadband to Consumer Mass Markets,” Nokia, White Paper, 2008.
• Image Source: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA comparison, slidePlayer.com