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Phase Transition

Phase transitions occur when a medium changes from one state to another, such as from liquid to gas, in response to changing conditions like temperature or pressure. First-order phase transitions involve absorbing or releasing heat and discontinuities in properties. Second-order transitions are continuous with discontinuities only in higher derivatives. Phase transitions have characteristics like coexisting states, critical points where phases merge, different symmetries between phases, and critical exponents that characterize continuous transitions.

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Mirha Nisar
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71 views

Phase Transition

Phase transitions occur when a medium changes from one state to another, such as from liquid to gas, in response to changing conditions like temperature or pressure. First-order phase transitions involve absorbing or releasing heat and discontinuities in properties. Second-order transitions are continuous with discontinuities only in higher derivatives. Phase transitions have characteristics like coexisting states, critical points where phases merge, different symmetries between phases, and critical exponents that characterize continuous transitions.

Uploaded by

Mirha Nisar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Phase Transition

Mirha Arooj Phys211101209


Fatima Ali Phys211101226
Areeba Asim Phys211101222
Habiba Sajid Phys211101233
Introduction
• In chemistry, thermodynamics, and other
related fields, a phase transition is the
physical process of transition between
one state of a medium and another.
Commonly the term is used to refer to
changes among the basic states of matter:
solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases,
plasma.
Explanation
• During a phase transition of a Example :-
given medium, certain properties A liquid may become gas upon
of the medium change as a result heating to its boiling point, resulting
of the change of external in an abrupt change in volume. The
conditions, such as temperature or identification of the external
pressure conditions at which a transformation
occurs defines the phase transition
point.
• For instance the boiling point, the two phases
involved – liquid and vapor, have identical
free energies and therefore are equally likely
to exist.
• Below the boiling point, the liquid is the more
stable state of the two, whereas above the
boiling point the gaseous form is the more
stable.
• Phase transitions occur when the
thermodynamic free energy of a system is
non-analytic for some choice of
thermodynamic variables.
1st order Phase Transition
• First-order phase transitions are those that
involve a latent heat. During such a
transition, a system either absorbs or
releases a fixed amount of energy per
volume.
• First-order phase transitions exhibit a
discontinuity in the first derivative of the free
energy with respect to some thermodynamic
variable.
2nd order Phase Transition
Second order phase transitions occur when a new
state of reduced symmetry develops continuously
from the disordered phase.
Second-order phase transitions are continuous in
the first derivative but exhibit discontinuity in a
second derivative of the free energy.
Difference between 1st & 2nd order Phase
Transition
• The difference between first order and
second order phase transitions is that there
are large fluctuations before a second order
phase change, which act as a ‘warning’ that
unusual behaviour is about to occur.
However, first order phase changes occur
abruptly, and do not have any prior
fluctuations.
Types of phase Transition

*Freezing:*
Change of a substance from liquid phase to solid
*Melting:*
Change from solid phase to liquid
*Vaporization:*
Change from liquid to gaseous form
*Condensation:*
Change from gas to liquid form
*Sublimation:*
Change from solid to a gas without becoming a liquid
*Deposition:*
Change from gas to solid without becoming a liquid
*Ionization:*
Change from a gas phase to plasma (ionized particles)Recombination: Change from plasma to gas
Characteristics Properties
1. Phase coexistence:
There can be two phases coexisting in a single container
at the same time. This typically happens when the substance is
transitioning from one phase to another. This is called a two-phase
state(4). In the example of ice melting, while the ice is melting,
there is both solid water and liquid water in the cup.
A disorder-broadened first-order transition occurs over a finite
range of temperatures. On cooling, some liquids verify into a glass
rather than transform to the equilibrium crystal phase. This
happens if the cooling rate is faster than a critical cooling rate.
Characteristics Properties

2. Critical points:
The point in temperature and pressure on a
phase diagram where the liquid and gaseous
phases of a substance merge together into a single
phase. Beyond the temperature of the critical
point, the merged single phase is known as a
supercritical fluid.
3. Symmetry:
Different phases of matter are characterized by
different sorts of symmetry.
At higher temperatures, matter takes on a ''higher
symmetry'' phase.
At lower temperatures, the phases are of lower
symmetry or ''broken symmetry.
Characteristics Properties
4. Order parameters:
An order parameter is a measure of the
degree of order across the boundaries in a phase
transition system; it normally ranges between zero
in one phase (usually above the critical point) and
nonzero in the other.

5. Relevance in cosmology:
The study of cosmic phase transitions are of
central interest in modern cosmology. In the standard
model of cosmology the Universe begins in a very hot
state, right after at the end of inflation via the process
of reheating/preheating, and cools to its present
temperature as the Universe expands.
Characteristics Properties

6. Critical exponents:
The phenomena associated
with continuous phase transitions are
called critical phenomena, due to their
association with critical points. It turns
out that continuous phase transitions can
be characterized by parameters known as
critical exponents.

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