EEE4011
Energy Audit and Conservation
Module 1
Dr K Sathish Kumar
Professor Grade 1
SELECT/ VIT
[email protected]
Marks Configuration
Sl.No Contents Total Marks Weightage
1 Digital Assignment 10 10
2 Quiz-1 10 10
3 Quiz-2 10 10
4 CAT-1 50 15
5 CAT-2 50 15
6 FAT 100 40
Total 100
Module 1
Worldwide energy scenario- Types of
Conventional and nonconventional
Energy sources and their availability in
India.
• Energy can be classified into several types based
on the following criteria:
• Primary and Secondary energy
• Commercial and Non commercial energy
• Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
Primary & Secondary Energy
• Commercial Energy
• The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known as
commercial energy.
• By far the most important forms of commercial energy are electricity, coal and refined
petroleum products.
• Commercial energy forms the basis of industrial, agricultural, transport and commercial
development in the modern world.
• In the industrialized countries, commercialized fuels are predominant source not only
for economic production, but also for many household tasks of general population.
• Examples: Electricity, lignite, coal, oil, natural gas etc.
• Non-Commercial Energy
• The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are
classified as non-commercial energy.
• Non-commercial energy sources include fuels such as firewood, cattle dung and
agricultural wastes, which are traditionally gathered, and not bought at a price used
especially in rural households.
• These are also called traditional fuels. Non-commercial energy is often ignored in
energy accounting.
• Example: Firewood, agro waste in rural areas; solar energy for water heating, electricity
generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits; animal power for transport, threshing,
lifting water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane; wind energy for lifting water and
electricity generation.
Non-renewable energy is the conventional
Renewable energy is energy obtained fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which
from sources that are essentially are likely to deplete with time.
inexhaustible.
Electricity Sector in India
India is the third largest producer of
electricity in the world. The
national electric grid in India has an
installed capacity of 399.467 GW as of
31 March 2022.
05/17/2023 School of Electrical Engineering 16
05/17/2023 School of Electrical Engineering 17
RESERVES AND POTENTIAL FOR
GENERATION - INDIA 2021
State wise Estimated Reserves of Coal in
India as on 31.03.2021
SOLAR ENERGY
• India is endowed with vast solar energy potential.
• About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energy is
incident over India's land area with most parts
receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day.
• Solar photovoltaics power can effectively be
harnessed providing huge scalability in India.
• Solar also provides the ability to generate power
on a distributed basis and enables rapid capacity
addition with short lead times.
• National Institute of Solar Energy has assessed the
Country’s solar potential of about 748 GW assuming 3%
of the waste land area to be covered by Solar PV modules.
• The Mission’s objective is to establish India as a global
leader in solar energy by creating the policy conditions for
solar technology diffusion across the country as quickly as
possible.
• The Mission targets installing 100 GW grid-connected
solar power plants by the year 2022.
Solar
WIND ENERGY
• The expansion of the wind industry has
resulted in a strong ecosystem, project
operation capabilities and manufacturing base
of about 10,000 MW per annum.
• The country currently has the fourth highest
wind installed capacity in the world with total
installed capacity of 39.25 GW (as on
31st March 2021) and has generated around
60.149 Billion Units during 2020-21.
• The Government, through National Institute of Wind
Energy (NIWE), has installed over 800 wind-monitoring
stations all over country and issued wind potential
maps at 50m, 80m, 100m and 120m above ground
level.
• The recent assessment indicates a gross wind power
potential of 302 GW in the country at 100 meter and
695.50 GW at 120 meter above ground level.
Seven Windy States
Waste to Energy
Jindal Waste to Energy Plant(15 MW), Guntur,
AP
• Waste-to-Energy (WTE) technologies to
recover the energy from the waste in the form
of Electricity and Biogas/Syngas are ,
• BIOMETHANATION
• INCINERATION
• GASIFICATION
• PYROLYSIS
Summary of the sector wise covering urban and
industrial sectors mainly for energy potential for India is
given as below
And lot more…The total estimated energy generation potential from urban
and industrial organic waste in India is approximately 5690 MW.
Bio Energy
Bio – Mass Power
• As per a recent study sponsored by MNRE,
the current availability of biomass in India is
estimated at about 750 million metric tonnes
per year.
• The Study indicated estimated surplus
biomass availability at about 230 million
metric tonnes per annum covering
agricultural residues corresponding to a
potential of about 28 GW.
• This apart, about 14 GW additional power
could be generated through bagasse based
cogeneration in the country’s 550 Sugar
mills, if these sugar mills were to adopt
technically and economically optimal levels
of cogeneration for extracting power from
the bagasse produced by them.
Hydrogen Energy
Geo-Thermal Energy
• Geo-thermal resources in India have been mapped by
Geological Survey of India (GSI). Broad estimate
suggests that there could be 10 GW geo-thermal
power potential. Present efforts are towards
establishing cost-competitive geo-thermal potential in
India.
• The promising geothermal sites for direct heat use
applications are Rajgir in Bihar, Manikaran in
Himachal Pradesh, Surajkund in Jharkhand, , Tapoban
in Uttarakhand & Sohana region in Haryana.
Energy conservation Act 2001
Electricity Act 2003
Energy conservation Act 2001
• With the background of high energy saving potential and its benefits,
bridging the gap between demand and supply, reducing
environmental emissions through energy saving, and to effectively
overcome the barrier, the Government of India has enacted the
Energy Conservation Act - 2001.
• Important features of the Energy Conservation Act are:
– Standards and Labeling - would ensure that only energy efficient equipment
and appliance would be made available to the consumers.
• The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are:
– Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for notified
equipment and appliances.
– Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does not
conform to the standards.
– Introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment appliances to
enable consumers to make informed choices
– Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers
Designated Consumers
• The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers
are:
– The government would notify energy intensive industries and
other establishments as designated consumers;
– Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which
covered basically energy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust,
Transport Sector, Power Stations, Transmission & Distribution
Companies and Commercial buildings or establishments;
– The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an
accredited energy auditor;
– Energy managers with prescribed qualification are required to be
appointed or designated by the designated consumers;
– Designated consumers would comply with norms and standards of
energy consumption as prescribed by the central government.
Certification of Energy Managers and Accreditation of Energy Auditing
Firms
The main activities in this regard as envisaged in the Act are:
• A cadre of professionally qualified energy managers and
auditors with expertise in policy analysis, project
management, financing and implementation of energy
efficiency projects would be developed through
Certification and Accreditation programme.
• BEE to design training modules, and conduct a National
level examination for certification of energy managers and
energy auditors.
Energy Conservation Building Codes:
The main provisions of the EC Act on Energy Conservation Building
Codes are:
• The BEE would prepare guidelines for Energy Conservation
Building Codes (ECBC);
• These would be notified to suit local climate conditions or other
compelling factors by the respective states for commercial
buildings erected after the rules relating to energy conservation
building codes have been notified.
• In addition, these buildings should have a connected load of 500
kW or contract demand of 600 kVA and above and are intended to
be used for commercial purposes;
• Energy audit of specific designated commercial building
consumers would also be prescribed.
Central Energy Conservation Fund
• The EC Act provisions in this case are:
• The fund would be set up at the centre to develop the
delivery mechanism for large-scale adoption of energy
efficiency services such as performance contracting and
promotion of energy service companies.
• The fund is expected to give a thrust to R & D and
demonstration in order to boost market penetration of
efficient equipment and appliances.
• It would support the creation of facilities for testing and
development and to promote consumer awareness.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):
• The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to institutionalize
energy efficiency services, enable delivery mechanisms in the
country and provide leadership to energy efficiency in all sectors of
economy.
• The primary objective would be to reduce energy intensity in the
Indian Economy.
• The BEE will also use the Central Energy Conservation Fund and
other funds raised from various sources for innovative financing of
energy efficiency projects in order to promote energy efficient
investment.
Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• The role of BEE would be to prepare standards and labels of
appliances and equipment, develop a list of designated
consumers, specify certification and accreditation procedure,
prepare building codes, maintain Central EC fund and
undertake promotional activities in co-ordination with center
and state level agencies.
• The role would include development of Energy service
companies (ESCOs), transforming the market for energy
efficiency and create awareness through measures including
clearing house.
Role of Central and State Governments
• Central - to notify rules and regulations under various
provisions of the Act, provide initial financial assistance to BEE
and EC fund, Coordinate with various State Governments for
notification, enforcement, penalties and adjudication.
• State - to amend energy conservation building codes to suit the
regional and local climatic condition, to designate state level
agency to coordinate, regulate and enforce provisions of the
Act and constitute a State Energy Conservation Fund for
promotion of energy efficiency.
Enforcement through Self-Regulation:
• The certification of energy consumption norms and
standards of production process by the Accredited
Energy Auditors is a way to enforce effective energy
efficiency in Designated Consumers.
• For energy performance and standards, manufacturer's
declared values would be checked in Accredited
Laboratories by drawing sample from market.
• Any manufacturer or consumer or consumer association
can challenge the values of the other manufacturer and
bring to the notice of BEE.
• BEE can recognize for challenge testing in disputed cases
as a measure for self-regulation.
Penalties and Adjudication:
• Penalty for each offence under the Act would be in
monetary terms i.e. Rs.10,000 for each offence and
Rs.1,000 for each day for continued non Compliance.
• The initial phase of 5 years would be promotional and
creating infrastructure for implementation of Act.
• No penalties would be effective during this phase.
• The power to adjudicate has been vested with state
Electricity Regulatory Commission which shall appoint
any one of its member to be an adjudicating officer
for holding an enquiry in connection with the penalty
imposed.
Electricity Act, 2003
The government has enacted Electricity Act, 2003 which seeks to bring about a qualitative
transformation of the electricity sector.
The salient features of the Electricity Act, 2003 are:
i) The Central Government to prepare a National Electricity Policy in
consultation with State Governments. (Section 3)
ii) Thrust to complete the rural electrification and provide for
management of rural distribution by Panchayats, Cooperative Societies,
non-Government organisations, franchisees etc. (Sections 4, 5 & 6)
iii) Provision for licence free generation and distribution in the rural
areas. (Section 14)
iv) Generation being delicensed and captive generation being freely
permitted. Hydro projects would, however, need clearance from the
Central Electricity Authority. (Sections 7, 8 & 9)
v) Transmission Utility at the Central as well as State level, to be a
Government company – with responsibility for planned and coordinated
development of transmission network. (Sections 38 & 39)
vi) Provision for private licensees in transmission and entry in
distribution through an independent network, (Section 14)
vii) Open access in transmission from the outset. (Sections 38-40)
viii) Open access in distribution to be introduced in phases with surcharge for current
level of cross subsidy to be gradually phased out along with cross subsidies and
obligation to supply. SERCs to frame regulations within one year regarding phasing of
open access. (Section 42)
ix) Distribution licensees would be free to undertake generation and generating
companies would be free to take up distribution businesses. (Sections 7, 12)
x) The State Electricity Regulatory Commission is a mandatory requirement. (Section
82)
xi) Provision for payment of subsidy through budget. (Section 65)
xii) Trading, a distinct activity is being recognised with the safeguard of the Regulatory
Commissions being authorised to fix ceilings on trading margins, if necessary.
(Sections 12, 79 & 86)
xiii) Provision for reorganisation or continuance of SEBs. (Sections 131 & 172)
xiv) Metering of all electricity supplied made mandatory. (Section 55)
xv) An Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against the decision of the CERC and
SERCs. (Section 111)
xvi) Provisions relating to theft of electricity made more stringent. (Section 135-150)
xvii) Provisions safeguarding consumer interests. (Sections 57-59, 166) Ombudsman
scheme
(Section 42) for consumers grievance redressal.
