Architecture

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MODULE 4
 Architecture
IT IS DEFINED AS THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DESIGNING
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES. A WIDER DEFINITION WOULD
INCLUDE WITHIN THIS SCOPE THE DESIGN OF ANY BUILT
ENVIRONMENT, STRUCTURE OR OBJECT, FROM TOWN
PLANNING, URBAN DESIGN, AND LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE TO FURNITURE AND OBJECTS. IT COULD
ALSO BE DEFINED AS THE MANIPULATION OF SHAPES,
FORMS, SPACE AND LIGHT TO CHANGE OUR ENVIRONMENT.
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"ARCHITECTURE IS THE MASTERLY,
CORRECT, AND MAGNIFICENT PLAY OF
FORMS UNDER THE LIGHT."
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ARCHITECTURE REQUIRES:
- STRONG TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELDS OF
ENGINEERING, LOGISTICS, GEOMETRY, BUILDING
TECHNIQUES, FUNCTIONAL DESIGN AND ERGONOMICS. IT
ALSO REQUIRES A CERTAIN SENSIBILITY TO ARTS AND
AESTHETICS. FINALLY, IT ALSO REQUIRES A
PREOCCUPATION FOR HUMAN QUESTIONS AND SOCIETY'S
PROBLEMS.
 Architecture
TECHNICALLY, ARCHITECTURE IS THE PRACTICE OF
BUILDING DESIGN AND ITS RESULTING PRODUCTS AND
CULTURALLY ARCHITECTURE IS TO BUILDING AND ITS
EQUIVALENT IN PRINTING WORLD IS LITERATURE. SOME
PERSIAN, GREEK AND ROMAN ARCHITECTURE RUINS ARE
DOCUMENTS OF HISTORY AND THEIR CULTURE. LIKE THE
ROMAN FORUM AND COLISEUM, THEY TESTIFY TO AND ARE
SOLID EVIDENCES OF THE ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND
CULTURE EMPLOYED BY THE EARLY CIVILIZATION, AND SO
THEY ARE ALSO CONSIDERED AS A BIG MASS OF ARTIFACTS
FOR ARCHAEOLOGIST. SIR HENRY WOTTON QUOTED THAT
BUILDING HAS THREE CONDITIONS:
1.FIRMNESS,
2.COMMODITY; AND
3.DELIGHT
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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS AND CONSTRUCTIONS ARE HIGHLY
INFLUENCED BY THE AVAILABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS WITHIN THE COUNTRY, NEIGHBORING
TERRITORIES OF TRADE PARTNERS.
1. LUMBER - LARGE AREAS OF THE WORLDS WERE ONCE
FORESTED AND STILL OTHER COUNTRY BOAST OF THEIR
DENSE AND THICK FOREST THUS LUMBER IS ONE MOST
COMMON BUILDING MATERIAL EMPLOYED,
2.TIMBER IS A LARGE PIECE OF WOOD USUALLY SQUARED
AND MEASURED BY BOARD FEET.
4.WOOD WAS ONCE WIDELY USED AS FRAMES FOR
CONSTRUCTION LATER WAS REPLACED BY STEEL.
3.CARPENTRY IS THE WORK OR OCCUPATION OF BUILDING
ON CONSTRUCTING USING WOODS, OR THING MADE OUT
OF WOOD.
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• SOME COUNTRIES OR REGIONS LACK BOTH TIMBER
AND STONES AND THUS EMPLOYED EARTH ITSELF:
1.OTHER FASHIONED WITH EARTH OR MUD TO FORM A
WALL, OR MADE THEM INTO SUN-DRIED BRICKS;
2.EARTH OR MUD IS MIXED WITH UNCONVENTIONAL
BUILDING MATERIALS. IT IS MIXED WITH ALMOST
ANYTHING THAT IS WIDELY AVAILABLE LIKE GRASS,
TWIGS, ANIMAL MANURE, AND EVEN CORPSE LIKE IN THE
CASE OF THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA;
3.LATER THE BRICKS WERE BAKED IN KILN, AND THIS
PROCESS LATER RESULTED TO ADVANCEMENT OF ANOTHER
FORM OF CRAFTSMANSHIP LIKE POTTERY AND
PORCELAIN MAKING
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• STEEL IS ONE OF MODERN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
WHICH PROVIDES STRENGTH AND FOUNDATION TO THE
STRUCTURE:
1.STEEL IS A STRONG ALLOY OF CARBON AND STEEL;
2.IT WAS ONCE PRIMARILY USED IN THE MILITARY AND
NOT IN ARCHITECTURE;
3.THE ABUNDANCE OF STEEL IN THE 19TH CENTURY AND
ROLLING MILLS PRODUCED STEEL ROD THAT REPLACED
TRADITIONAL WOODEN FRAMES;
4.THE ADVENT OF STEEL IN ARCHITECTURE
REVOLUTIONIZED CONSTRUCTION AND ALLOWED MAN TO
CONSTRUCT ALMOST EVERYTHING WITHIN THE REACH
OF HIS IMAGINATION.
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• GLASS ARE TRANSPARENT SOLID SUBSTANCES:
1.IT IS MADE OUT OF MELTED SAND MIXED WITH OXIDES
LIKE LIME OR SODA;
2.IT ONCE FASHIONED BYZANTINE AND GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURE IN STAINED- GLASS WINDOWS;
3.THE ENHANCEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND
ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY EXPLOITED ALL THE BUILDING
POTENTIAL OF GLASS IN THE 20TH AND 21TH CENTURY.
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•  SPANNING IS ONE OF THE BASIC PROBLEM OF
CONSTRUCTION IS HOW TO CONNECT ONE WALL TO
ANOTHER AND TO PROVIDE ROOF:
1. SPANNING CONNECTS ONE WALL TO ANOTHER AND
PROVIDE ROOFING IN THE STRUCTURE,
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2. POST-LINTEL CONSTRUCTION - USES OF LINTEL OR
SUPPORTING BEAMS:
A. IT WAS PLACED HORIZONTALLY ACROSS THE TOP OF
POST OR COLUMNS
B. ADDITIONAL BEAMS PUT ON TOP OR CONNECTED TO
ANOTHER BEAM THAT FORMS A DECK THAT CAN
BECOME WALLS OR FLOOR FOR THE UPPER FLOOR
C. IT WAS WIDELY USED IN GREEK CONSTRUCTION.
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3. ARCHES ARE CURVED STRUCTURE THAT FORMS THE
UPPER EDGE OF AN OPEN SPACE SUCH AS A WINDOW, A
DOORWAY, OR THE SPACE BETWEEN A BRIDGE'S SUPPORTS
A. IN A FLAT PLANE OF A WALL, ARCHES WERE USED IN
ROWS SUPPORTED BY PIERS OR COLUMNS TO FORM AN
ARCADE
B. FOR ROOTS OR CEILING, A SEQUENCE OF ARCHES ONE
BEHIND ANOTHER MAY BE USED TO FORM A HALF-
CYLINDER (OR BARREL) VAULT TO COVER LARGER
CENTRALIZED SPACE
C. AN ARCH MAY BE ROTATED TO FORM A
HEMISPHERICAL DOME
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4. VAULT IS AN ARCH SHAPED STRUCTURE, USUALLY OF
MASONRY, USED AS THE CEILING OF A ROOM OR OTHER
ENCLOSED SPACE, AS THE ROOT OF A BUILDING, OR AS THE
SUPPORT TOR A CEILING OR ROOF:
A. THE SIMPLEST VAULT IS A BARREL, OR TUNNEL,
VAULT, THE ROOT OF WHICH IS SHAPED LIKE HALF
CYLINDER AND IS SUPPORTED BY STRAIGHT WALLS,
B. THE ANNULAR VAULT IS ALMOST THE SAME AS A
BARREL EXCEPT THAT THE PASSAGE IS CURVED AND
MAKING AN IMPRESSION OF A RINGS
C. A GROINED VAULT IS THE INTERSECTION OF TWO
VAULTS; AND THE JUNCTURE WHERE THEY MEET IS
CALLED GROIN.
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5. DOME IS HEMISPHERICAL ROOF USUALLY PLACED IN A
CATHEDRAL OR CHURCHES
A. PENDENTIVES ARE PORTIONS OF SPHERICAL VAULTS,
OR SPHERICAL TRIANGLES, PLACED IN THE CORNERS OF
SQUARE OR OTHER POLYGONAL STRUCTURES TO FORM A
CIRCULAR BASE FOR A DOME ABOVE;
B. PENDANT IS HANGING ARCHITECTURAL MEMBER
FORMED BY RIB;
C. MORE COMPLICATED VAULTS INCLUDE RIBBED
VAULTS, IN WHICH THE INNER VAULT SURFACE IS
SUBDIVIDED BY A NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT
SUPPORTING ARCHES, OR RIBS
D. A FURTHER REFINEMENT IS THE FAN VAULT, MOST
COMMON IN ENGLISH LATE GOTHIC STRUCTURES, IN WHICH
THE RIBS ARE MULTIPLIED AND GROUPED IN THE SHAPE
OF AN OPEN FAN
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history
MESOPOTAMIA THE ARTS AND BUILDINGS OF THE ANCIENT
MIDDLE EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS THAT DEVELOPED IN THE
AREA (NOW IRAQ) BETWEEN THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
RIVERS FROM PREHISTORY TO THE 6TH CENTURY BC.
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EGYPT THE URBAN CULTURE OF EGYPT ALSO DEVELOPED
VERY EARLY. ITS POLITICAL HISTORY WAS MORE STABLE,
HOWEVER, WITH STRONG CONTINUITY IN THE
DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION OF TRADITION.
GRANITE, SANDSTONE, AND LIMESTONE WERE AVAILABLE
IN ABUNDANCE. THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, IN A CULTURAL
SYSTEM CONFERRING ENORMOUS POWER ON RULERS AND
PRIESTS, MADE POSSIBLE THE ERECTION, OVER A LONG
PERIOD, OF THE MOST AWESOME OF THE WORLD'S ANCIENT
MONUMENTS
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• INDIAN AND SOUTHEAST ASIA HINDU TRADITIONS ARE
RICH IN VISUAL SYMBOLS, THE EARLY STONE
ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA WAS ELABORATELY CARVED,
MORE LIKE SCULPTURE THAN BUILDING, ESPECIALLY AS
THE DESIGNERS DID NOT EMPHASIZE STRUCTURAL
SYSTEMS AND RARELY FACED THE TASK
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• CHINESE ARCHITECTURE CHINA HAS A TRADITIONAL
REVERENCE TOWARD ANCESTORS, THE STABLE AND
HIERARCHICAL LIFE OF THE CHINESE EXTENDED OF
FAMILY IS PROVERBIAL.
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JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE - THE JAPANESE HOUSES
DEVELOPED DIFFERENTLY JAPANESE EXPRESSES A DEEP
POETIC RESPONSE TO NATURE, AND THEIR HOUSES ARE
MORE CONCERNED WITH ACHIEVING A SATISFYING
RELATIONSHIP WITH EARTH, WATER, ROCKS, AND TREES
THAN WITH ESTABLISHING A SOCIAL ORDER.
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GREEK ARCHITECTURE THE GREEK TEMPLE EMERGED AS
THE ARCHETYPAL SHRINE OF ALL TIME. UNLIKE THE
EGYPTIANS, THE GREEKS PUT THEIR WALLS INSIDE TO
PROTECT THE CELLA AND THEIR COLUMNS ON THE
OUTSIDE, WHERE THEY COULD ARTICULATE EXTERIOR
SPACE.
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MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE - TWO MAJOR ARCHITECTURAL
DEVELOPMENTS WERE INITIATED BY HISTORIC RELIGIOUS
EVENTS. THE FIRST OCCUR WHEN THE ROMAN EMPEROR
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT CONFERRED ON CHRISTIANITY,
WHICH LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT CHRISTIAN
ARCHITECTURE. THE SECOND, THE PROMULGATION OF 1ST
ISLAM IS ABOUT 6L0 BY THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD,
SPAWNED ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
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RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE-THE RENAISSANCE,
LITERALLY MEANING REBIRTH, BROUGHT INTO BEING SOME
OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT AND ADMIRED WORKS EVER
BUILD. BEGINNING IN ITALY ABOUT 1400, 1T SPREADS TO
THE REST OF EUROPE DURING THE NEXT 150 YEARS
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• INDUSTRIAL AGE - DISENCHANTMENT WITH BAROQUE,
WITH ROCOCO, AN EVEN WITH NEO-PALLADIANISM
TURNED LATE18TH-CENRURY DESIGNERS AND PATRONS
TOWARD THE ORIGINAL GREEK AND ROMAN
PROTOTYPES.
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• PRE-COLONIAL TRADITION PRE-HISTORY ACCORDING TO
THE THEORY OF ARCHAEOLOGIST AND
ANTHROPOLOGISTS, THE FIRST WAVE OF HUMAN
MIGRATION IN THE ARCHIPELAGO HAPPENED HUNDRED
THOUSAND YEARS AGO THRU THE LAND BRIDGES THAT
WAS STILL CONNECTING THE ISLANDS WITH THAT OF
BORNEO AND MAINLAND ASIA. THEN IT FOLLOWS THAT
THE EARLIEST PREHISTORIC INHABITANTS OF THE
COUNTRY DWELT ON CAVES JUST LIKE THEIR
PREDECESSOR IN AFRICA AND EUROPE. THE ANGONO
CAVE IN ANGONO, RIZAL AND TABON CAVE IN PALAWAN
ARE BEST EXAMPLES OF THESE EARLIEST SHELTERS
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• SMALL TEMPORARY LURS COULD HAVE PROBABLY BEEN
A SIMPLE LEAN-TO FRAME MADE FROM BRANCHES AND
TWIGS AND COVERED WITH LEAVES FOR THE FOOD
4ATLHERERS, EARLY FISHERS AND BUNTERS, IT IS STILL
EVIDENT IN SOME INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY IN
ARCHIPELAGO UP TO THE EARLY 1900, THEY WERE MADE
TO PROTECT DWELLERS FROM THE HEAT OF THE SUN AND
RAIN.
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• EARLY PERMANENT SETTLEMENT COULD HAVE BEEN
BROUGHT BY THE IMMIGRANT INDON - MALAY WITH
THEIR WET RICE CULTURE, WITH AGRICULTURE, THE
PEOPLE BECAME NATURALLY ROOTED ON THE LAND FOR
THEY NEED TO REMAIN ON THE PLACE WHERE THEY
GROW THEIR RICE AND OTHER CROPS
1. THE SHELTERS AND HOUSES WERE BUILT TO LAST
LIKE THAT OF THE MANGYAN IN MINDORO WHO MADE
SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES OR COMMUNAL DWELLINGS.
2. BECAUSE OF THE TROPICAL CHARACTER OF THE
CLIMATE, THE EVENTUALITY OF RAIN OR FLOOD
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, AND AS PROTECTION FROM WILD
ANIMALS AND ENEMIES, SOME HOUSES WERE BUILT TWO
(2) TO 20 METERS ABOVE THE GROUND, JUST LIKE THE
HOUSES OF THE LGOROT,, ILONGOT, TINGUAN AND
GADDANG IN NORTHERN LUZON.
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• THE BANAUE RICE TERRACES ONE OF THE MOST NOTED
FACT
ARCHITECTURAL FEAT OF PRE-COLONIAL COMMUNITIES
GELY
IN THE PHILIPPINES IS RICE TERRACES OF THE LFUGAO,
LIEST
BONTOC AND KALINGA.
NTRY
T OF
AND
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• BOAT FORMS ARE INTERESTING MAYBE DUE TO THE FACT
THAT THE COUNTRY IS AN ARCHIPELAGO AND LARGELY
ISLANDS SURROUNDED BY WATER THUS, THE EARLIEST
FORM OF HOUSE-BUILDING AND STYLE IN THE COUNTRY
HAS A MARINE ELEMENT IN IT. THE BAMBOO ROOT OF
THE ISNEG HOUSES SUGGESTS AN INVERTED BOAT AND
THE WOODEN FLOOR HAVE THE PROFILE OF A BOAT.
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• MINDANAON ARCHITECTURE IS PERHAPS THE MORE
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIO-CULTURAL AND
ECONOMIC CHARACTER OF THE SULTANATE IN
MINDANAO, AS WELL AS THE ETHNIC MINORITIES IN THE
ISLAND THAT THE CONSTRUCTION OF THEIR HOUSES AND
DWELLINGS ARE INTERESTING.
1. THE TBOLI
2. .THE TAUSUG OF SULU
3. THE SAMAL AND THE BADJAO
4. MOSQUE
5. TOROGAN
6. BAHAY-KUBO
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1. THE TBOLI
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2. .THE TAUSUG OF SULU
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3. THE SAMAL AND THE BADJAO
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4. MOSQUE
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5. TOROGAN
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6. BAHAY KUBO
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