COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING
PROJECT
DONE BY:
SHREYA B
8 ‘A’
Topics covered

• OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOPS)

• INHERITANCE
• ENCAPSULATION
• POLYMORPHISM
• ABSTRACTION
OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING
• Object Oriented programming (OOP) is a
programming paradigm that relies on the
concept of classes and objects.
• It is used to structure a software program
into simple, reusable pieces of code
blueprints (usually called classes), which
are used to create individual instances of
objects.
• There are many object-oriented
programming languages including
JavaScript, C++, Java, and Python.
• There are four fundamental concepts of
OOPS – Inheritance , Encapsulation,
Polymorphism and Data abstraction.
 INHERITANCE
• In object-oriented programming, inheritance is defined as
deriving new classes from existing ones such as super class
or base class and then forming them into a hierarchy of
classes. Different kinds of objects often have a certain amount
in common with each other.
• The class whose properties and methods are inherited is
known as the Parent class.
• The class that inherits the properties from the parent class is
the Child class.
• Dogs, cats, and cow, for example, all share the characteristics
of animals (tail , 4 legs , all are animals , etc.). Yet each also
defines additional features that make them different: like dogs
bark, cats says meow whereas cow moo.
 ENCAPSULATION
• Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data with the methods that operate on that data.
• Encapsulation is used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a class,
preventing unauthorized parties to directly access them . Many programming languages
use encapsulation frequently in the form of classes.
• Encapsulation can be used to hide both data members and data functions or methods
associated with an instantiated class or object.
• Encapsulation may also refer to a mechanism of restricting the direct access to some
components of an object, such that users cannot access state values for all of the
variables of a particular object.
 POLYMORPHISM
• Polymorphism is one of the most important concept of object oriented programming
language.
• The word polymorphism means having many forms. In simple words, polymorphism is
defined as the ability of a message to be displayed in more than one form.
• The most common use of polymorphism in object-oriented programming occurs when a
parent class reference is used to refer to a child class object.
• Real time example of polymorphism is water. Water can be in 3 states liquid, solid and
gaseous. Its just 3 different forms like ice , vapors and water. They keep changing based on
use and temperature.
 ABSTRACTION
• Abstraction is defined as the process of reducing the object to its essence so that only the
necessary characteristics are exposed to the users.
• Abstraction defines an object in terms of its properties (attributes), behavior (methods), and
interfaces (means of communicating with other objects).
• Data Abstraction may also be defined as the process of identifying only the required
characteristics of an object ignoring the irrelevant details. The properties and behaviors of
an object differentiate it from other objects of similar type and also help in
classifying/grouping the objects.
• It helps in reducing programming complexity and efforts. It is one of the most important
concepts of OOPs.