Division

of
Polynomials
vdj
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, I can…

• recall what are polynomials;

• identify the parts of a polynomial;
• name and identify polynomials; and
• performs division of polynomials using
long division and synthetic division.
Identify whether it is polynomial or not.

1.) - 5 1. polynomial
2.) 2x + 3 -1 2. polynomial
3.) 3. Not
4.) x4 – 4x + 3x3 – 7 4. polynomial
5.) + 3 5. Not
What is polynomial?
• It is the building block of algebra.
• It is an algebraic expression consisting of
constant, variables, and coefficients.
• It is use to represent unknown quantities
and manipulate using various operations.
• It is something that is made up of a sum of
terms.
 Terms of Polynomials
Example: 2nd term 4th term

10x7 – 9x2 + 5x3 + 9

1st term 3rd term

- It is a four terms polynomials.

 coefficient

10x – 9x + 5x + 9
7 2 3

Terms of polynomial can be

represent by:
Where:
ax n a – coefficient
x – variable
n – nonnegative integer
• Variable
• It is denoted by a letter and it is a symbol
representing a number which is arbitrary or
unknown.
• Constant
• It is a non-varying, fixed, and well – defined
number or other mathematical symbol.
• Coefficient
• It is usually a number or a multiplicative
factor of an expression.
A polynomial can be named
depending in number of terms used
in the expression.
Examples:
10x15 Monomial
9a2 – 5 Binomial
7y2 – 3y + ∏ Trinomial
10x7 – 9x2 + 5x3 + 9 Polynomial
The degree of a polynomial in one variable
is the highest power or exponent of variable
in the polynomial.
It is the power that we’re raising the variable
to.
Examples:
10x7 – 9x2 + 5x3 + 9
This is a seventh degree
polynomial.
This is a second degree
9a2 – 5 binomial.
10x15 This is a 15th - degree monomial.
The terms of a polynomial may be
written in any order.
However, we often follow the
convention of writing the terms in
decreasing powers of the variable
x, in which the polynomial is said
to be in standard form.
 When the polynomial is written in
decreasing order based on their degree
(Standard Form), the coefficient of the first
terms is the leading coefficient.
Example:
10x7 – 9x2 + 5x3 + 9
To write this in Standard Form, we have:
10x7 + 5x3 – 9x2 + 9
The leading terms is The leading coefficient is
10x7 10
 Dividing
Polynomials
 Recall how to Add,
Subtract and Multiply
Polynomials

How to add and subtract polynomials?

How to multiply polynomials?

 Dividing by a Monomial
If the divisor only has one term, split the polynomial up
into a fraction for each term.

divisor

Now reduce each fraction.

3x3 4x2 x 2

1 1 1 1
If the divisor has more than one term,
perform long division.
Long Division
- is a method of a division of
polynomials which is very similar to
arithmetical division.
- involves a series of step which made
a successive group of digit of the
dividend are divided by the divisor.
 Long Division
You do the same steps with polynomial division as with integers.
Let's do two problems, one with integers you know how to do and
one with polynomials and copy the steps.

21 Subtract
Now (which
multiply by x + 11
Bring
changes
the down
divisorthe
Multiply andthe
sign
and put
32 698 next number or x - 3 x 2
+ 8x - 5
of each
the term
answer in
below.
put below Remainder
64 term
subtract x 2
– 3x
the polynomial) added here
58 3 into 6
First divide or x into x2 11x - 5
32 over divisor
Now divide 3 into 5 This or is the x into 11x 11x - 33
26
remainder 28
So we found the answer to the problem x2 + 8x – 5  x–3
or the problem written another way:

Quotient Remainder
 Long Division
You do the same steps with polynomial division as with integers.
Let's do two problems, one with integers you know how to do and
one with polynomials and copy the steps.
Bring down
Now multiply by x + 11
the next
the
First divisor
divide x andxput
into x - 3 x 2
+ 8x - 5
number Now
or divide x into 11x2
the answer below. Remainder
term Subtract (which x2 – 3x
Multiplytheand added here
changes sign 11x - 5
put below over divisor
of each term in 11x - 33
This is the
the polynomial)
remainder 28
So we found the answer to the problem x2 + 8x – 5  x–3
or the problem written another way:

Quotient Remainder
Let's Try Another One 1. (2x2 + 5x – 23) ÷ (x + 5)

If any powers of terms are missing you should write them in

with zeros in front to keep all of your columns straight.

Subtract
Write out (which
with 2x - 5
changes
Multiply
Bring
Multiply
long theand
down sign
and
divisionthe
Divide
Divide
of each
put yy into
term
belowinto y
in-2y
2 x + 5 2x 2
+ 5x - 23
nextput
term
below
including 0x for Remainder
the polynomial)
subtract
missing term 2x 2
+ 10x
added here
-5x - 23 over divisor
-5x - 25
This is the
2
remainder

The result can be written as follows:

(2x2 + 5x – 23) ÷ (x + 5) 2x – 5 + 2 v Remainder

Quotient x+5
Let's Try Another One

If any powers of terms are missing you should write them in

with zeros in front to keep all of your columns straight.

Subtract
Write out (which
with y-2
changes
Multiply
Bring
Multiply
long downtheandsign
and
divisionthe
Divide
Divide
of each
put yy into
term
belowinto y
in-2y
2 y + 2 y 2
+ 0y + 8
next put
termbelow
including 0y for Remainder
the polynomial)
subtract y 2
+ 2y
missing term added here
-2y + 8 over divisor
- 2y - 4
This is the
remainder 12
The result can be written as follows:
y2 - 8y = y – 2 + 12 v Remainder

y+2 Quotient y+2

 Synthetic Division

There is a shortcut for long division as long as the divisor is

x – k where k is some number. (Can't have any powers on
x).
Set divisor = 0 and
1
solve. Put answer
here.
x + 3 = 0 so x = - 3
-3 1 6 8 -2
Multiply
Multiply
- 3 firstAdd
Bring - 9theseAdd
number up3these
down below
Addupthese
line up
these
these and
and
put answer
put answer
1 x 2
+ 3 x - 1 1 This is the remainder
above
above line
line Put variables back in (one x was divided out in
in SoList
theall
answer
coefficients
is: (numbers in front of x's) and the
in next
next process so first number is one less power than
constant along the top. If a term is missing, put in a 0.
column
column original problem).
 Let's try another Synthetic Division

0 x3 0x
Set divisor = 0 and
1
solve. Put answer
here.
x - 4 = 0 so x = 4
4 1 0 -4 0 6
Multiply
Multiply
4 firstAdd
Bring 16theseAdd
number up48
downthese192
below
Addupthese
line
Add
up these up
Multiply
these
these and
and This is the
these
put and
answer
put answer
1 x 3
+ 4 x 2
+ 12 x + 48 198
put answer
above line remainder
above line Now put variables back in (remember one x was
above
in lineanswer
Sonext
the
List all coefficients
is: (numbers in front of x's) and the
in next divided out in process so first number is one less
in next
constant along the top. Don't forget the 0's for missing
column
column power than original problem so x3).
column
terms.
 Let's try a problem where we factor the polynomial
completely given one of its factors.

You want to divide

the factor into the
polynomial so set
divisor = 0 and solve
-2 4 8 -25 -50 for first number.
Multiply
Multiply
- 8 firstAdd
Bring 0theseAdd
number up
50these
down below
Addupthese
line up
these
these and
and No remainder so x + 2
put answer
put answer
4 x 2
+ 0 x - 25 0 IS a factor because it
above
above line
line Put variables back in (one x was divideddivided in evenly
So the
in Listanswer
all coefficients
is the divisor
(numbers
times in
thefront
quotient: out in
of x's) and the
in next
next process sothe
first number is one less power
You could
constant
column check
along this byIf a term
top. is missing, putthan
in a 0.
column original
multiplying problem).
them out and
getting original polynomial
 Let's try another example:

3y3 + 9y + 32 ÷ y – 3

3 3 0 9 32
Multiply 27
Bring9firstAdd 108
these
number up these
Add
down below
Addupthese
line up
Multiply
these
these and
put
and
answer 3 y 2
+ 9 y+ 36 140 Remainder
put answer
above
above line
lineanswer is the divisor times the quotient:
So the
List
in
in next
nextPutall coefficients
variables back (numbers in front
in2(one y was of y's)
divided outand
in the
constant
column
column process along
so firstthe 3y
top. +
number Ifisa9y +less
term
one is36 + 140
missing,
power put in a 0.
than
original problem). y-3
Seatwork:
Divide using Long Method:
(4x5 – 25x4 + 40x3 + 3x2 – 18x) ÷ (x2 – 6x + 9)

Divide using Synthetic Division

(5x2 – 17x – 15) ÷ (x – 4)
 Long Division

4x3 – x2 – 2x
x2 – 6x + 9 4x5 – 25x4 + 40x3 + 3x2 – 18x + 0
– 24x4 +– 36x3
– 4x5+
– x4 +– 4x3 + 3x2
– x4 + 6x3 –+ 9x2
+
– 2x3 + 12x2 – 18x
3 –
– 2x + 12x2 –+18x
+
– 0x2 + 0x + 0

4x3 – x2 – 2x
 Synthetic Division

(5x2 – 17x – 15) ÷ (x – 4) x–4=0

x=4

4 5 -17 -15
20 12
5x 3 -3

5x + 3 + -3
x–4