Digital Filter Design (DFD)

Dr. Anurag Singh ([email protected])

Syllabus
Discrete signal analysis: Review of discrete time signals, systems , Sampling and transforms: DTFT, Laplace and Z-
transform.
 8
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT): Need of DFT and its evolution from DTFT, DFT properties, fast Fourier transform
(FFT) algorithms, Circular convolution, linear convolution using DFT.
LTI systems and their frequency domain analysis: LTI systems , LTI systems as Frequency selective filters,
difference between digital and analog filters , Ideal filter characteristics, lowpass, highpass, bandpass and bandstop filters,  6
Paley-Wiener criterion, digital resonators, notch filters, comb filters, all-pass filters, inverse systems, minimum phase,
maximum phase and mixed phase systems.
Design of digital filters:
 Design of FIR filters- Design of FIR filters using windows, frequency sampling, Remez algorithm and least 5
mean square error methods;

 Design of IIR filters- Design of IIR filters using impulse invariance, bilinear transformation and frequency
transformations. 5
Filter Applications 4

 Laboratory Work:
Generation and representation of different types of signals with multiple frequencies, Frequency domain analysis of signals through
DTFT and DFT, Convolution process (Linear and circular), Implementation of the different types of digital IIR and FIR Filters, Analyze
the effects of filters with varying parameters, Problems based on design and implementation of filters for practical world problems.
 Books
Text Books:
 
1. J.G. Proakis, D.G. Manolakis and D. Sharma, Digital Signal Processing, Pearson, 3 rd edition,
(2013).
2. S. Salivahnan, “ Digital signal Processing”, Tata Mcgraw Hill
3. A.V. Oppenheim, and R.W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, Pearson, (2002).

Reference Books: 
1. S. K. Mitra, Digital Signal Processing: A computer based approach, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd
edition.
2. B. P. Lathi,"Signal Processing and Linear Systems", Oxford University Press, 1998
3. M. Li Tan, Digital Signal Processing: Fundamentals and Applications, Elsevier, (2008).
4. Tamal Bose, Digital Signal and Image Processing, Wielly, (2004).
 Evaluation Scheme
 End Term: 50
 Quiz: 15
 Course Project (DSP Applications): 25
 Continuous Lab/class assessment: 10
Digital Filters

 What are filters:

Anything that has ability to separate two or more things based on their physical
characteristics.

                                         Examples ?
 Filters in context of signal processing: called frequency selective filters
                        Why Frequency Selective?

 What are Digital Filters?

Filters that handle digital data for any signal processing task, e.g. noise canceller in your
headphone
 Digital Filters in Digital Signal Processing
(DSP)
 Digital filters are the integral part of every DSP operations, be it
 voice communication over phone,
 beautifying your pictures for social media,
 playing music or recording your voice.
 In every DSP operation, digital filters are used for
 Removing noise
 Recovering your desired signal
 Discarding unwanted signal components/frequencies, etc.
 So, for studying digital filters, understanding the related DSP is a must
Definition of Digital Signal Processing

Processing of the signals through digital means, either in software or hardware

Evolution of DSP
DSP evolved with the faster development of digital computers and the associated digital hardware

Advantages of DSP/Digital domain processing

 DSP gives faster, reliable and more economical way of doing many signals processing tasks
 More flexibility: DSP hardware allows programmable operations, hence any task can be performed though change
in the software
 High precision: More degree of precision compared to analog processing
 DSP allows more portability of data, low cost storage, high reproducibility, etc.

Disadvantages
 Introduces distortion: Due to digital data formation through Sampling/Quantization
 Slower process: Due to Sampling, its slow for high bandwidth signals
Applications-DSP/Digital Filters are Everywhere
 Sound applications
 Compression, enhancement, special effects, synthesis, recognition, echo cancellation,…
 Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-speech,…
 Communication
 Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo cancellation,…
 Cell Phones, Satellite Receiver,…
 Automotive
 GPS, Active Noise Cancellation,…
 Medical
 Magnetic Resonance, Tomography, Electrocardiogram,…
 Military
 Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote sensing,…
 Image and Video Applications
 DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video conferencing,…
 Mechanical
 Motor control, process control,…
Standard DSP Steps
DSP Example- Voice recording/playing
DSP-Example voice amplification
 Review of Signals and Systems

 Types/Classification of signals- unit impulse/delta signal, Causal/noncausal, 

 Type of Systems- Linear/nonlinear, Time invariant, causal/non-causal, etc..
 LTI systems and their response analysis (in time-domain, z-domain, Laplace
domain)
 Sampling theory
 Fourier analysis- FS, FT, DTFS, DTFT  DFT
 Sampling

Sampling Rate

fs= 1/Ts

1 2 2
 Ts (t )    t  n T   T
n  
s 
Ts
cos( s t )  cos(2  s t )  . . .
Ts
s

1 n 

Nyquist Rate G ( ) 
Ts
 G(w  n )
n  
s

fs > 2B
fs = 2B

g (t )  g (t )  Ts (t )
Aliasing Examples

15
Aliasing

 The black is the original 16

signal
 The red dots are the samples
 Obviously, the red is a poor
representation of the signal

Sampling frequency of a signal play

an important role in deciding various
filter design parameters
How to avoid aliasing ?

17
 Eliminate high frequencies before sampling
 Apply a low-pass filter
 A low-pass filter allows low frequencies through, but attenuates (or reduces) high frequencies

 Sample at higher rate

Transforms: Laplace and Z-transform

 Limitation of Fourier analysis: It can't be used for frequency domain analysis of every type
of signals and systems.
Examples?
 Laplace and Z-transforms are the frequency domain analysis tools for unstable signals and
systems- An extension of Fourier analysis
 Laplace is for analog/continuous signals & systems-> An extension of Continuous Fourier
Transform (FT)
 Z-transform for digital signals & systems-> An extension of discrete time FT (DTFT)
 Since filers are digital devices, z-transform is used for the frequency domain analysis of
filters
 Concept of frequency in analog and digital domain

Two types of frequency

1) Analog- cyclic (Cycles/sec) and radian/angular frequency (Radian/sec)
2) Discrete/digital frequency (Cycles or radian/sample)

• Discrete/digital frequency, = radian/sample= T

=or
[]

In terms of cyclic frequency= cycles/sample

= or [0,1] also called Normalized Frequency
Frequency relations