Thermodynamics 2 (TRDMIA2)

Lecture 6
2023
Processes of perfect gases –part 2
Chapter 3
3
4
Adiabatic/ Isentropic process
• Adiabatic process – is the process whereby the working Adiabatic/Isentropic Process
fluid does nor receive or release heat to the surroundings
(i.e. no heat transfer to or from the system, the system is
perfectly insulated) No heat enters
or leave the
• An adiabatic process may be reversible or irreversible gas
• A reversible adiabatic is called Isentropic process As the work
is done on
The change in or by the
pVγ=C working
- internal energy
 
equals the work fluid, its
done temperature
changes

Figure1. Adiabatic process on pV diagram

5
Process equation

where, γ = adiabatic index (ratio of specific heats)

Relations for a reversible adiabatic process

then, …Eq 1 then, …Eq 3
…Eq 2
…Eq 4
Substituting Eq 1 in Eq 2, we get:
Substituting Eq 3 in Eq 4, we get:

6
7
• Work done during adiabatic process
2 𝛾 2
𝑝1 𝑉 1
𝑊 1 −2 =∫ 𝑑𝑉 =𝑝 1 𝑉 1 ∫ 𝑉
𝛾 −𝛾
𝛾
𝑑𝑉
1 𝑉 1
From, ,
𝒑 𝟏 𝑽 𝟏 −𝒑 𝟐 𝑽 𝟐
𝑾 𝟏 −𝟐=
𝜸 −𝟏
• Change in internal energy during adiabatic process

• Heat transferred during adiabatic process, Q=0

• Change in enthalpy during adiabatic process

𝒅𝑯 =𝑯 𝟐 − 𝑯 𝟏=𝒎 𝒄 𝒑 ( 𝑻 𝟐 −𝑻 𝟏 )
Figure 2. Adiabatic and isothermal
Read example 3.8 TB processes on pV diagram
8
Example 3.9 TB
• The initial volume of 0.18 kg of a certain gas was 0.15 m3 at a temperature of 15 °C and a pressure of 1 bar.
After adiabatic compression to 0.056 m3, the pressure was found to be 4 bar. Find: 1) gas constant; 2) ratio of
specific heats and the specific heats; 3) Change of internal energy

9
Example 3.10 TB
A system contains 0.15 m3 of a gas at a pressure of 3.8 bar and 150 °C. It is expanded adiabatically till the
pressure falls to 1 bar. The gas is then heated at a constant pressure till its enthalpy increases by 70 kJ.
Determine the total work done. Take cp=1 kJ/kg K and cv = 0.714 kJ/kg K.

11
Example 3.11 TB
• 0.336 m3 of gas at 10 bar and 150 °C expands adiabatically until its pressure is 4 bar. It is then compressed
isothermally to its original volume. Find the final temperature and pressure of the gas. Also determine the
change in internal energy. Take cp=0.996 kJ/kg K and cv = 0.703 kJ/kg K.

14
Example 3.12 TB
0.75 m3 of hydrogen gas is initially at a pressure of 1 bar and temperature 290 K. It is compressed isentropically
to 15 bar. Next it is expanded at constant temperature to original volume. Finally, heat rejection takes place at
constant volume and the gas pressure is restored to the original condition. Find: 1) p,V and T at the end of each
process; 2) heat added during isothermal expansion; 3) change in internal energy during each process

17
18
Polytropic process
• Is the general law for compression and expansion of gases
• Process equation

• Relations for polytropic process

and

Figure 3. Polytropic processes on pV

diagram

20
Polytropic process
• Workdone during polytropic process

• Change in internal energy

• Heat transferred during the polytropic process

Q1-2= dU + W1-2 or,
• Change in enthalpy

Read examples 3.13 and 3.14 TB 21

 Example 3.15
• An internal combustion engine has the following dimensions: diameter of cylinder(bore) = 550 mm, stroke =
750 mm and compression ratio =13.5. At the end of the suction stroke (beginning of the compression stroke)
the pressure is 1 bar and temperature is 316 K. The compression follows the law pV1.37= C. Determine: 1) p
and T at the end of compression; 2) the mass of the charge; 3)the work done during compression and 4) the
heat rejected during compression

22
23
Read example 3.16 and 3.17 TB (two processes) 24