Name- Pabale Vikas Madhukar

Subject- Business Demographic

Class- F.Y.B.B.A
PowerPoint Presentation
4..
Urbanisation And
its Implications
4.1 CONCEPT OF URBANISATION.
4.2 FACTORS AFFECTING URBANISATION AND
RURAL POPULATION.
4.3 FEATURES AND IMPORTANCE OF
URBANISATION.
4.4 BEHAVIORAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC
STRUCTURE AND VARIOUS FACTORS
RESPONSIBLE FOR URBANISATION
4.1 CONCEPT OF
URBANISATION
URBANISATION:
Definition:
Urbanization is the population shift
from rural ares to urban areas, the
corresponding decrease in the proportion
of people living in rural areas, and the
ways in which societies adapt to this
 Urbanistaion is a form of social
transformation from traditional rural
societies to modern uran communities. It
is a long-term continuous process.
According to KINGSLEY DAVIS, “
Urbanistaion represent a revolutionary
change in the whole pattern of social life.
INTRODUCTION:
Urban areas have been recognised as
“engines of inclusive economic
growth.” For the first time since
Independence, the absolute in
population is more in urban areas than
in rural areas.
● Rural: Urban distribution: 68.84%and
31.16%.
● Level of urbanisation increased from
27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in
2011 Census.
● The proportion of rural population
declined from 72.19% to 68.84%. The
Census of India, 2011:
 Urban Town: All other places which have
municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified
town area committee.
Census Town: All other places which satisfy the
following criteria are called Census Town.
(a) A minimum population of 5000 persons.
(b) At least 75% of male main working population
engaged in no-agricultural pursuits; and
(c) A density of population of at least 400 persons per
square kilometre.
 The first category of urban units are konwn as Statutory
town. These towns are notified under law by respective
State/UT government and have local bodies like municipal
corporation, municipality, etc, irrespective of demographic
characteristics. For example, Vadodara (Municipal
corporation), Shimla (Municipal corporation).
The second category of urban units is konwn as Census
Town. These were identified on the basis of census 2001 data.
Cities are urban areas with more than 100,000 population.
Urban areas below 100,000 are called towns in India.
Similarly Census of India defines
Urban Agglomeration (UA):
● Urban agglomeration is a highly developed
spatial form of integrated cities.
● An urban agglomeration is a continous urba
spread constituting a toen and its adjoining
outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically
contiguous town together with or without
● An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at
least a statutory town and its total population
(i.e. all the constituents put together ) should
not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census.
● In varying local conditions, there were similar
other combinations which have been treated as
urban agglomeration satisfying the basic
condition of contiguity.
● Examples: Greater Mumbai UA, Delhi Ua, etc.
Out Growths(OG):
● An Out Growth (OG) is a viable unit such as a
village or a hamlet.or an enumeration block made
up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifiable
in terms of its boundaries and location.
● Some of the examples are railway colony, university
campus, port ares, military camps, etc, which have
come up near a statutory town outside its statutory
limits but within the revenue limits of a village or
villages contiguous to the town.
● While determining the outgrowth of a town, it
has been ensured that it possesses the urbain
features in terms of infrastructure and
amenities such as pucca roads, electricity,
taps, drainage system for disposal of waste
water etc. educational Institutions, post
offices, medical facilities, banks etc.
● And physical contiguous with the core town of
thr UA, Examples: Central Railway Colony
● Each such towns together with its outgrowths is
trend as an integrated urba area and is
designated as an ‘Urban Agglomeration’.
Number of towns/UA/OG 2011, according to
census 2011 are:
1. Statutory Towns - 4,041.
2. Census Towns - 3,894.
3. Urban Agglomeration - 475.
Urbanistaion in India:
● Population and economic growth has fostered
urbanisation in country and the urban towns and
cities have drastically increased.
● This growth is expected to continue in the year to
come and india has to step up its game in order to
catch up withh this kind of change.
● There are several factors that have led to
urbanistaion in India - Population growth and
migration as one of the 2 major factors.
● Recently, a third factors has been seen as a huge
contributor to the urbanistaion Growth: the expansion
of towns and cities.
● This factor is due to the high economic growth that the
city has witnessed over the years.
● Currently there are nine major cities in India: New Delhi,
Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Chennai,
Kolkata, Surat and Pune.
● Urbanistaion begins in these massive cities as each one
is teeming with varied business, advancement and
spatial complications.
Table 4.1: Trends of Urbanistaion in
india
Table 4.1 shows that the annual exponential
growth rate of urban population has creased
from 3.23 percent during 1961-71 to 3.79
percent during 1971-81, but declined to percent
during 1991-2001. The decline in growth rate
was slightly reversed back uring 2001-2011.
During the same period, the share of urban
population in the total increased from 17.97% in
9261 to 31.16% in 2011.
This indicates that increasing trend of India's
urbanisation over the decades. As per the World
Urbanisat Prospects: 2011 Revision, the percentage
of total urban population in India is 309 2010, which
lower than the developed countries the United States
of Americ (82.1 per cent) and Japan (90.5 percent)
during the same year. It is also lower than in the fast
growing developing countries, such as, China (49.2
per cent), Brazil (843), and Russian Federation
(73.7%) in 2010.
Trends Supporting Urbanistaion in
India:
Here are some key points regarding
urbanistaion and planning in India:
● Private cities are now extending due to the
support of private companies. Private
developers are building priv housing project
that will exponentially grow in the year to
● The Delhi-Mumbai corridor is an infrastructure programme
set to develop ‘ Smart Cities ‘ and combine next generation
technology with infrastructural development.
● The transport and logistics sector of India underlines the
importance of interconnecting the different modes of
transportation road, rail, sea and air. An efficient multi-modal
system is relevant in the development and successful
growth of the infrastructural system.
● India's expected economic growth opens up expansion
prospects for Indian airports Domestic and international
passengers are inevitably predicted to double in number in
the years to come.
Urbanistaion Trends In India
Indian’s Seven Mission
Programme:
With the rapid rise if Urbanistaion in India,
there is an increase in overall development
in the different sectors. Due to this, the
Seven Mission Programme was founded.
This progr aims to fund cities to achieve
intended milestones.
The Seven Mission
Programme includes the
following plans:
1.100 Smart Cities Mission.
2. AMRUT stands for 'Atal Mission for
Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation'.
3. HRIDAY (National Heritage City
Development and Augmentation Yojana).
4. Sardar Patel National
Urban Housing mission.
5. National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat.
6. Clean India Mission.
7. National Urban Information
System.
4.2 FACTORS AFFECTING
URBANISATION AND
RURAL
Table 4.2: FACTORS AFFECTING
URBANISATION
1.Infrastructure:
● It is the area which majorly got affected because
of Urbanistaion.
● Infrastructure includes: Housing, road, building,
offices, transport, school, colleges, ridges, etc.
● Due to high development in the cities, land
occupied largely which emlishing the
agriculture area.
● Infrastructure is the support system of industrial and
agricultural production, and foreign and domestic
businesses.
● Due to the high density, city remains with huge
housing problems.
● The cost of houses are going very hing which
sometimes become non affordable to the common
man.
● Due to this movement, rural areas are having
building, construction but this leads to depleting
natural resources due to distribution.
Type of Infrastructure:
1. Economic infrastructure :
This infrastructure is directly
linked with the economic development of a country or
an organisation. This includes the basic amenities and
services that directly influence and benefit the
production process of economic distribution. A few
examples of economic infrastructures are power,
transportation, irrigation, communication, etc.
2.Social infrastructure :
This type of infrastructure has the basic
services that improve individual productivity and achieve
social objectives. Social infrastructure contributes
indirectly to the country’s economic development. For
instance, the education sector does not contribute directly
to the economic development of a country. However, it
helps indirectly by providing high-quality education to the
students, therefore producing doctors, scientists,
engineers, and technologists. For examples water supply,
3.Uneven Distribution of resources:
● Due to uneven population distribution resources have
to be shared among the population with various areas.
● The need of water energy, food supply in the urban
areas are always on an increasing demand.
● But, the availability of these resources are not
appropriate to the demand.
● Hence, many of the times resources are diverted from
the more available areas which causing uneven or
scarcity of the resources.
4.Waste Management:
● Waste management is the managing of waste by
disposal and recycling of it.
● Moreover, waste management needs proper
techniques keeping in mind the environmental
situations.
● For instance, there are various methods and
techniques by which the waste is disposed of.
Some of them are Landfills, Recycling, Composting,
5. Administrative Problems :
● As the city grows, there is also an increase in the
administrative tasks.
● City funds sanctionings, allocation, utilisations,
registrations et various things are becoming a huge
task in front of administrators.
● Also traffic, crime civil protection such like many
administrative burden goes an increasing which need
upport from the state and central government.
● Although the support extended corruption is the virus
which malifies the system.
5. Socio/ Behavioral/ Cultural Problems :
● Due to Urbanistaion, society ids full of diversified culture
which affects on people status, their behaviour, their
relationship with society and families.
● Due to jobs and sustainability, people move and settle in
uraban area where they have to sometimes leave bavk
tehir families which alosbdeclinr the connect and hamper
their personal life.
● Some of the important socio-cultural issues that need to
be addressed today are casteism, dowry, communalism,
drinking, drug addiction, etc.
4.3 FEATURES AND
IMPORTANCE OF
URBANIZATION.
Urabanisation has been systematically treated by
‘ Hope Tisdale Eldridge’. He has argued that
there can be no meaning of it but “ a process of
population concentration” It involves two
elements :

(a) The multiplication of point of concentration

and

(b) The increased in size of individual

concentration.
Features of Urbanistaion :
The main features of Urbanistaion are :
1. Urbanisation involves an increase in the
number of population concentration.
2. It involves a growth in the size of these
points.
3. It involves a transfer of people from
Importance of Urbanistaion:
● Urbanisation refers to peoples changing attitude towards social
life and modernization. It is a process by which there is an
increase in proportion of people living in urban area, leading to
transformation of land for residential, commercial, and
industrial purposes.
● The basic reason for increasing urbanisation is increase in the
number of people moving into cities, for jobs, higher education,
and better future prospective and for much higher quality of
life. Urbanization allows for easier flow of information, more
resistance to anti-progressive forces like nobles or religious
officials, and more technological evolution.
● The less industrialised countries of ghe
world have to attain a low level of
morality, The control of fertility,
technological efficiency and a high
degree of literacy; and this is a source
of great concern in their attempts, to
solve the partical problems that
confront them.
Steps Taken by Government to
Improve Urban Development:

Successful/Unique/ Innovative
Examples of Urban Development
Model:
1. ‘Kudumbshree’ Model:
● Kudumbashree is the poverty eradication and
women empowerment programme implemented
by the State Poverty Eradication Mission
(SPEM) of the Government of Kerala. The name
Kudumbashree in Malayalam language means
‘prosperity of the family’. The name represents
‘Kudumbashree Mission’ or SPEM as well as the
Kudumbashree Community Network.
2.Chhattisgarh PDS Model:
State government has started managing information systems.
It began with computerization of Fair Prices Shops (FPS) and data
related with stocks and sales to enable swift allocation of grains.
Mobile based applications including SMS alerts for interested
beneficiaries were offered which improved the access to
Information about food grains lifted from godowns and their
delivery at ration shops. In Raipur, individuals are given the choice
of the fair price shop of his/her liking , flexibility of buying in
smaller quantities rather than in only on transaction, and Portability
of ration card across the shops helped to improve customer
satisfaction.
3.Solid Waste Management in OKHLA:
●Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer
to the process of collecting and treating solid
wastes. ... “Solid-waste management, the collecting,
treating, and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it has served its purpose or is no
longer useful.
●waste management is the concern for any urban cities
with respect to to its safe disposal recycling of waste
product and also generating energy from waste.
● Timarpur Okhal Municipal Solid Waste
Management project is the first commercial
waste-to-energy facility in India that aims to
convert one-third of the Delhi garbage into
the much- needed electricity, enough to
serving 6 lakh homes. It has become the first
to get carbon credits from . United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change in
the country in 2013.
4. Delhi Metro :
It is one of the world class metro.
To ensure reliability and safety in train
operations,it is equipped with the most
modern communication and train control
system. For its energy efficient practises,
it has earned credit points from UN.
5. Community Policing for Security :
● Community policing is defined as a philosophy that
promotes organizational strategies which support the
systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving
techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions
that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social
disorder, and fear of crime.
● Community policing encourages interactive partnerships
between law enforcement agencies, their officers, and the
people they serve. By developing connections within the
community, police are better informed and empowered to
● The concept of the community policing
is aimed at associating citizens with the
local police in solving neighbourhood
problems in enforcing laws, preventing
and detecting crimes, restoring onder
and peace in the area and reducing
crimes against women and weaker
sections.
Challenge of Urbanistaion/Problems
of Urbanistaion:
1.Environmental Concern:
● Environmental Concern are the harmful
effects caused to the environment
because of human activities.
● It causes degradation in the quality of air,
water, and soil.
● These unfavourable events cause
environmental issues that affect the natural
state of the environment.
● For Example: global warming, acid rain, air
pollution, urban sprawl, waste disposal,
ozone layer depletion, water pollution,
climate change and many more affect every
human, animal, and nation on this planet.
2. Urban Crime:
Prevention of urban crime is another challenge before the
government of States having more number of urban areas and
particularly metropolitan cities. The mega cities are facing increased
criminal activities on account of unchecked migration, illegal
settlements and diverse socio-cultural disparities, organized
groups, gangsters, professional criminals for wishing a lavish life in
metropolis. The cities of Delhi, Mumbai and bengaluru have
accounted for 16.2 percent, 9.5 percent and 8.1 percent respectively
of the total crime reported from 35 mega cities. Prevention of crime
in mega cities is a challenge before the city government in India.
Example of Urban Crime :
1. Abuse, rape, murder, kidnapping, cyber-
crime, economic offences, and various forms of
white-collar crime.

2. Even people from well-to-do families resort to

crime to meet their cravings for a lavish life.
Occasional failures in life also may drag
youngsters to crime.
3. Poverty:
● Poverty is about not having enough
money to meet basic needs including
food, clothing and shelter.
● Providing gainful employment to the
growing urban population is a major
challenge before the government .
Type of Poverty:
1.Absolute poverty.
2.Relative Poverty.
3.Situational Poverty.
4.Generational Poverty.
5.Rural Poverty.
6.Urban Poverty.
4. Provision of Employment:
● Providing gainful employment to the growing urban
population is a major challenge before the government.
● It is generally observed that the literate and semi-literate
migrant are absorbed with minimal works, carrying
lower wages and more houre of work.
● The UN Habitat Report (2003) has rightly remarked “ The
cities have become a dumping ground for surplus
population working in unskilled, unprotected and low
wage informal service industries and trade”.
4.4 BEHAVIORAL AND
DEMOGRAPHIC
STRUCTURE AND VARIOUS
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
FOR URBANISATION
ECONOMICAL CHANGE
Behavioral Structure and
Urbanistaion:
Many research have started that Urbanistaion is the
people's behaviour within the society irrespective of the
other factors. It the attitude, lifestyle, trends, changing
the mentality of the population which affects them
economically, socially, culturally.
But urbanistaion has made significantly change
in the people's behaviour and way of live separately
1.Change in the family
structure : Due to infrastructure
problem, people are struggling to
have their own house. Increasing
inflation sometime does match to
the salary which prople drawn. This
lead to have people reduce the
family size or live seperately.
2. Status of Women: Due to
employment, gender equity into urban
cities have given higher ststus to the
women. Women can find any sector as
per their education and skills .This has
given financial freedom and security
to the women which not only help
them but to the entire generation.
4. Standard of living: Urban concept
made even rural people to become part of
global culture and an environment. Social
media and digitisation has raised people's
standard. Anyone from anywhere could
access the information and enhance their
konwledge. Today job offers from home
which made even villagers to get
employment and stay at their place.
5. Stress and Health:
● Life in the urban settings is an interface between the
adverse physical settings (which include pollution, high
population, extreme temperature. crowding, degraded
landscape, overaccumulation of solid waste, etc.)
● individual characteristics arising by the time spent in
the exposure to such aversive situation like tume spent
in commuting, time spent in crowd, exposure to
polluted air and smokes, exposure to high level of
noise, and so forth.
● If these situations are beyond the tolerance
level, the person is said to be under stress.
● Urban environment stress is the situation that
represents the level of anxiety of the urban
inhabitants, facing the daily humdrum that are
incompatible with their Life Commuting as
stressors, leads to consequences in the way it
interferes with family and leisure activities and
increased absenteeism from work.
Structural Concept and Urbanistaion:
India has seen structural change in the society whIch
definitely impacted industries and society.
Urbanization itself is a structural change in the society.
But as it said above it is also the mindset of people how they
look at it. Today we see structural change in the form of
industry, building various facilities, shift from agriculture to
industry and service area.
Employment is the main area where majorly the structural
change is seen.
Factor behind Pace of Transformation
of Employment in the Urbanization:
Occupational transformation in India has been
evidently slow. There are several factor behind such
slow moment. While the list of factors that affect
structurally transformation is executive, we shall
discuss some of them here, in terms of supply – side
and demand- side .We shall however, include several
others in our econometrics exercise in the
subsequent section.
1.Supply- Side Factors:
PopulationGrowth and Labour Supply:
One of the important factor that can slow
down rate of transformation is the growth
of backlog of labour on the supply side
which is to accommmodated in the
modern sector, which is turn depends on
population growth rate.
On the supply side, population growth rate
and the associated factor, interealia, is an
important factor determining labour supply
full stop the size of network working
population is directly determined by age and
sex, fertility mortality and migration
patterns; and participation rates tend to
determined economically, socially and
2. Demand-side Factors:
● The employment creation in the non
agriculture sector, on the demand dash
side, depends on rate of labour productivity
and capital-labour ratio.
● In India, there has been a remarkable
growth of non- agricultural sector
employment during 1983-04, compared to
● There is a migraine slowdown in employment
growth of non-agriculture the post dash
reform period of 1993-09.
● There is also a faster growth of labour
productivity in non agricultural sector
associated with an increase in higher output
growth but with migraine all decline in
employment growth in the sector compared
to its previous decade.
Points to Remember
1.Population by Rural Urban
Residence-India-2011

● Total: 1,210,193,422

● Rural: 833,087,662

● Urban: 377,105,760
2. Rural Urban Distribution Persons
(in %)

● Total: 100.0%

● Rural: 68.84%

● Urban: 31.16%
3.Population Highlights
● Out of the total of 1210.2 million population
in India, the size of Rural population is 833.1
million for(or 68.84% of the Total Population)

● Urban population 377.1 million (or 31.16%)

● During 2001-2011 the population of the

country increased by 181.4 million
● Increase in Rural areas 90.4 million

● Increase in Urban areas: 91.0

million

(Source: Census 2011-Provisional

Population Totals)