-THREE IMPORTANT-

PARAMETERS, TESTING AND

PARALLEL OPERATION
APPLIED IN ALTERNATOR
 1- THE GENERATED EMF AND A RELATIONSHIP AT VARIOUS LOAD
OF AN ALTERNATOR

As the rotor field sweeps around, the voltage is induced into the armatures on the stator. When the a load connected, current flows through these
conductors. Current in each conductor expands and collapse and reverses direction. How ever the combine effect from all the armature
conductors is a single field. This armature field revolves inside the alternator, the armature field is at right angles to the rotor field then it
revolves in SYNCHRONISM with the rotor field. (That is, both travel at the same speed) This type of alternator is Synchronous Alternator.

Equivalent Circuit diagram per phase of an Alternator Eph =Vph + IaRa+ j ( IaXa + Ear) volts

Where:

Eph = generated voltage per phase (in volts)

Vph = terminal voltage per phase (in volts)
IaRa = voltage drop across the armature winding per
phase (in volts)
Ra = effective armature resistance per phase (in ohms)
jIaXa = voltage drop across the reactance of the armature per

phase (in volts)

Xa = armature reactance per phase (in ohms)
jEar = effect of the armature reaction per phase (in volts)
Ia = armature current per phase (in amperes)
Xs = synchronous reactance per phase
 THE GENERATED EMF AND A RELATIONSHIP AT VARIOUS LOAD
OF AN ALTERNATOR

Voltage relationship at various load power factor, at unity, at lagging, and leading power factors:

Unity Power Factor Equivalent Circuit diagram per phase of an Alternator

Ep
Ep Ep
Ia
IaXs
IaXs α
IaXs
α IaRa
α Ø
Ø IaRa
Vp
Ia Vp
Ø=0 Vp IaRa Ia

Ep = ( Vp + IaRa)² + ( IaXs )² Ep = ( VpcosØ + IaRa)² + (VpsinØ + IaXs )² Ep = ( VpcosØ + IaRa)² + (VpsinØ - IaXs )²

In Complex Form In Complex Form In Complex Form

Ep = (Vp + IaRa ) + j IaXs Ep = Vp + Ia (cosØ + j sinØ)(Ra + jXs) Ep = Vp + Ia (cosØ + j sinØ)(Ra - jXs)

IaXs Vp sinØ + IaXs Vp sinØ - IaXs

α = tan⁻¹ --------------- α = tan⁻¹ -------------------- α = tan⁻¹ --------------------
Vp + IaRa Vp cosØ + IaRa Vp cosØ + IaRa
 THE GENERATED EMF AND A RELATIONSHIP AT VARIOUS LOAD
OF AN ALTERNATOR

Voltage Regulation:

In electrical engineering, particularly power engineering, voltage regulation is a measure of change in

the voltage magnitude between the sending and receiving end of a component, such as a transmission
or distribution line. 

In Transformer is the measure of how well a power transformer can maintain constant
secondary voltage given a constant primary voltage and wide variance in load current. The lower the
percentage (closer to zero), the more stable the secondary voltage and the better the regulation it will
provide.

Voltage Regulation Formula VNL = ( VpcosØ + IaRa)² + (VpsinØ + IaXs )²

VNL -VFL + Lagging power factor (inductive load)

% V. R. = ------------------- x 100% Leading power factor (capacitive load)
VFL
 THE GENERATED EMF AND A RELATIONSHIP AT VARIOUS LOAD
OF AN ALTERNATOR

1. In a 50-kVA, star-connected 440-volt, 3-phase, 60Hz alternator, the effective armature resistance is 0.25 ohm
per phase. The synchronous reactance is 3.2 ohm per phase and leakage reactance is 0.5 ohm per phase.
Determine at rated load and unity power factor. (a) Internal emf Ea , (b) no load emf Ep, (c) percentage
regulation on full load, (d) value of synchronous reactance which replaces armature reaction.

Solution: (a) Internal EMF (Ea)

(a) The emf Ea is the vector sum of (Ia)
terminal voltage Vp. Ea = ( Vp + IaRa)² + ( IaXl )² = (254 + 16.4)² + (32.8)²
= 272-volts
Vp = 440-volts / 1.73 = 254-volt

Full load output current at Unity power factor Line value = VL = 1.73 x Ea = 471-volt
S(rating) 50,000 VA
(b) No load EMF (Ep) is the vector sum of V and IXs
Ia = -------------- = ---------------- = 65.6 Ampere
1.73 x VL 1.73 x 440
Ep = ( Vp + IaRa)² + ( IaXs )² = (254 + 16.4)² + (65.6 x 3.2)²
Voltage Drop in the line resistance and reactance's = 342-volts

IaRa = (65.6 x 0.25) = 16.4-volt Line value = VL = 1.73 x Ep = 1.73 x 342-volt = 592 v
IaXl = (65.6 x 0.5) = 32.8-volt
 THE GENERATED EMF AND A RELATIONSHIP AT VARIOUS LOAD
OF AN ALTERNATOR

1. In a 50-kVA, star-connected 440-volt, 3-phase, 60Hz alternator, the effective armature resistance is 0.25 ohm
per phase. The synchronous reactance is 3.2 ohm per phase and leakage reactance is 0.5 ohm per phase.
Determine at rated load and unity power factor. (a) Internal emf Ea , (b) no load emf Ep, (c) percentage
regulation on full load, (d) value of synchronous reactance which replaces armature reaction.

(c) Percentage Regulation Vector representation

Ep -Vp 342 - 254 Ep IaXa

% V.R. = ------------ x 100% = ------------- x 100% = 34.65 %
Vp 254 IaXs
Ea
IaZs
IaXL
(d) The value of Synchronous reactance (Xs)
α
Xa = Xs – XL = 3.2 - 0.5 = 2.7 ohms Ø=0 Vp IaRa
 THE GENERATED EMF AND A RELATIONSHIP AT VARIOUS LOAD
OF AN ALTERNATOR

2. A 1,000 kVA; 4,600-volts Wye –connected alternator. The armature resistance Ra is 2-ohm per phase and the
synchronous reactance Xs is 20-ohm per phase. Find the percent voltage regulation at a) unity power factor (b)
0.75 lagging power factor ( c) 0.75 leading power factor.

Solution: a) At unity power factor

Vp = VLL / 1.73 = 4,600-volt / 1.73 = 2,660-volt VNL = ( Vp + IaRa)² + ( IaXs )² = (2,660 + 250)² + (2,500)²
= 3,836-volt
S(rating in kva) 1,000kVA
Ia =----------------------- = ------------------= 125-ampere VNL –VFL 3,836 – 2,660
1.73 x VLL 1.73 x 4,600-v % V. R. = ------------------ x 100 % = -----------------x 100% = 44.4 %
VFL 2,660

Voltage Drop in the line resistance and reactance's

NOTE:
IaRa = IaRa = (125) (2) = 250-volt EP = VNL
IaXs = IaXs = (125) (20) = 2500-volt VP = VFL
 THE GENERATED EMF AND A RELATIONSHIP AT VARIOUS LOAD
OF AN ALTERNATOR

2. A 1,000 kVA; 4,600-volts Wye –connected alternator. The armature resistance Ra is 2-ohm per phase and the
synchronous reactance Xs is 20-ohm per phase. Find the percent voltage regulation at a) unity power factor (b)
0.75 lagging power factor ( c) 0.75 leading power factor.

b) At 0.75 lagging power factor c) At 0.75 leading power factor

cos Ø = 0. 75 sin Ø = 0.66 cos Ø = 0. 75 sin Ø = 0.66

VNL = ( VpcosØ + IaRa)² + (VpsinØ + IaXs )² VNL = ( VpcosØ + IaRa)² + (VpsinØ - IaXs )²

= [ 2,660 (0.75) + 250 ]² + [ 2,660 (0.66) + 2,500]² = [ 2,660 (0.75) + 250 ]² + [ 2,660 (0.66) - 2,500]²

= 4,815-VOLTS = 2,365-VOLTS

VNL –VFL 4,815 – 2,660 VNL –VFL 2,365 – 2,660

% V. R. = ------------------ x 100 % = -----------------x 100% % V. R. = ------------------ x 100 % = -----------------x 100%
VFL 2,660 VFL 2,660

= 81 % = - 11 %
 3-VARIOUS TESTING APPLIED INTO AN ALTERNATOR

1. Dc resistance test in an alternator

A
Idc Vdc
Rdc
Rdc Rdc

Rdc

Rdc Rdc Idc Vdc

A
Exciter connection Exciter connection

1 Vdc 3 Vdc
RYdc = ---------- RYac = (1.2 – 1.8) Rdc R Δ dc = ---------- RΔac = (1.2 – 1.8) Rdc
2 Idc 2 Idc
 3-VARIOUS TESTING APPLIED INTO AN ALTERNATOR

2. Open circuit test applied in an alternator 3. Short circuit test applied in an alternator

A
v
v

A
Exciter connection Exciter connection
VΔ OC = V I Δ SC = A / 1.73
V
VYOC = ------ IYSC = A
1.73
Where:
VOC = open-circuit voltage per phase
Isc = short circuit current per phase
VOC V = voltmeter reading
ZS = --------- XS = ZS² - Ra² A = ammeter reading
ISC Ra = effective armature resistance
Zs = synchronous impedance per phase
Xs = synchronous reactance per phase
 2-VARIOUS TESTING APPLIED INTO AN ALTERNATOR

3. A 150 kVA, 480-volts, 60 Hz Y-connected alternator was tested and the following data where recorded. At OCT
the reading of the voltmeter is 560 volts with an excitation current of 5 amperes dc. With the same excitation
applied to the SCT, the reading of the ammeter is rated current , when the dc voltage of 15 volts is applied to the
two terminals, the current of 30 amperes was measured. Calculate the resistance, synchronous impedance and
synchronous reactance per phase of the alternator. Assumed the effective resistance is 1.5 times the ohmic
resistance.

Solution:

150,000 VA Ra- effective = (1.5) ( 0.25) Thus synchronous reactance

IRATED = ------------------ = 180.42 Ampere = 0.375 ohm per phase could be solve by:
1.73 X (480)
From the OCT, the synchronous
With DC the resistance test impedance could be solve by:

1 Vdc 1 . 15 560/1.73 XS = (1.792)² - (0.375)²

RYdc = ---------- = ---------- Zs = --------------
2 Idc 2 . 30 180.42
= 1.752 ohms per phase
= 0.25 ohm per phase = 1.792 ohm per phase
 THE GENERATED EMF AND A RELATIONSHIP AT VARIOUS LOAD
OF AN ALTERNATOR

4. Find the synchronous impedance and reactance of an alternator in which a given field current produces an
armature current of 200 A on short circuit test and a generated emf of 50-volts on open circuit test. The armature
resistance is 0.1 ohm. To what induced voltage must the alternator be exerted if it is to deliver a load of 100 A at a
power factor of 0.8 lagging, with a terminal voltage of 200 volts.

Solution: (1Ø) At 0.8 power factor

Voc 50 cosØ = 0.8 sinØ = 0.6

Zs = -------- = ------ = 0.25 ohm
Isc 200 By complex form Ep

XS = ZS² - Ra² = 0.25² - 0.1² = 0.23 ohm

Ep = (Vp cosØ + IaRa)² + (Vp sinØ + IaXs)² IaXs
α IaRa
Voltage Drop in the line resistance = (200 x 0.8 +10)² + (200 x 0.6 + 23)² Ø Vp
and reactance's
= 222 volt Ia
IaRa = (100) (0.1) = 10-volt
IaXs = (100) (0.23) = 23-volt
 POWER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY OF AN ALTERNATOR
FORMULA

EFFICIENCY PTLoss = Pcu + Pfw + Pcore + Pf + Pv

Pout
% Ƞ = ---------- X 100 % Where:
Pin VL = line to line voltage
IL = line current
Pin - PTLoss Ip = phase current
% Ƞ = -------------------- X 100 % cos Ø load power factor
Pin Pcu = armature winding copper losses
Pfw = friction and windage losses
POWER OUTPUT = caused by mechanical friction and the fanning
action of the rotor
Pout(1Ø) = VL x IL cos Ø = IP²Ra Pcore = core losses, cause by eddy currents and hysteresis
Pv = ventilation losses, the power required to circulate cooling air.
Pf = field winding losses
Pout(3Ø) = 1.73 VL x IL cos Ø = 3 IP²Ra
If = field current-ampere
Rf = field resistance - ohm
POWER LOSSES Ra –armature resistance per phase- ohm
Vf = voltage across field winding –volts
PTLoss = Pcu + Pfw + Pcore + Pf + Pv
 POWER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY OF AN ALTERNATOR
FORMULA

LOSSES: 2. Rotational Losses = Stray power Where:

1. Electrical Losses Losses Vf = Exciter DC voltage
a. Field Winding = VfIf = If² Rf a. Friction and windage loss If = field current
b. Armature winding = nIa² Ra b. Brush Friction Loss n = no. of phase
c. Core Loss Ia = armature current per phase
c. Brush Contact = negligible 3. Stray Load Loss Ra = effective armature resistance
EXAMPLE:

3. Determine the efficiency of a 1,500-kVA, 2,300-volts, three-phase alternator that operate at rated output with a
power factor of 80% . The dc armature winding resistance at 70degrees between terminal is 0.08-ohm. The field
takes 70-ampere at 120-volts from an exciter equipment. Friction and windage loss is 15-kW, iron loss is 35-kW
and stray load loss is 1.5-kW. Assuming the effective armature resistance is 1.5 times the dc value.

Solution:

ASSUMED A WYE CONNECTED SOLVING FOR CURRENT:

ALTERNATOR:

The effective resistance is: S (rated) 1,500,000

Rac = 1.5 Rdc Ia = ------------- = --------------- = 376.53-Amp
Rac = 1.5 x (0.08 /2) = 0.06-ohm 1.73 VL 1.73 (2,300)
 POWER LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY OF AN ALTERNATOR
FORMULA

Determine the efficiency of a 1,500-kVA, 2,300-volts, three-phase alternator that operate at rated output with a
power factor of 80% . The dc armature winding resistance at 70degrees between terminal is 0.08-ohm. The field
takes 70-ampere at 120-volts from an exciter equipment. Friction and windage loss is 15-kW, iron loss is 35-kW
and stray load loss is 1.5-kW. Assuming the effective armature resistance is 1.5 times the dc value.

Solving for the losses: c) Friction & Windage loss: 15-kW

The percent Efficiency
a) Armature loss: (3 x Ia² Rac)
d) Iron Loss: 35-kW Po
% Ƞ = -------------------- x 100%
Pa = 3 x (376.53)² x 0.06
e) Stray Load Loss: 1.5-kW Po + PTLoss
Pa = 25.52-kW
Solving for the power output: Po 1,200
% Ƞ = ---------------------------------------
b) Field Loss: (Vf x If) / 1000 1,200 + 25.52 + 8.4 +35 +15 +1.5
120 x 70 Po = S (rated ) x PF
Pf = --------------- = 8.4-kW = 95.96 %
1000 = 1,500-kW x ( 0.8 ) = 1,200-kW
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
FORMULA

REASONS: PARALLEL OF TWO ALTERNATOR

1. Continuity of Service
2. Efficiency +
3. Maintenance and Repair A
4. Additions of Plants - IA
EXCITATION
DC VOLTAGE
LOAD
+ IL
CONDITIONS: B
- IB
1.. The effective voltage of the incoming
alternator must be the same to the bus
bar. PA = 3 Vbus IA cos Ø PB = 3 Vbus IB cos Ø
2. The frequency of the incoming A B
alternator must be same to the bus bar
frequency.
3. The phase sequence of the incoming
PL = 3 Vbus IL cos Ø IL = IA + IB
L
alternator must be the same as that to the
bus bar.
4. At the instant of synchronizing , the PL = PA + PB
incoming alternator must be in phase
opposition to the bus-bar voltage
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
FORMULA

EFFECT CHANGE OF EXCITATION: PARALLEL OF TWO ALTERNATOR

1. Continuity of Service
2. Efficiency +
3. Maintenance and Repair A
4. Additions of Plants - IA
EXCITATION
DC VOLTAGE
LOAD
+ IL
CONDITIONS: B
- IB
1.. The effective voltage of the incoming
alternator must be the same to the bus
bar. PA = 3 Vbus IA cos Ø PB = 3 Vbus IB cos Ø
2. The frequency of the incoming A B
alternator must be same to the bus bar
frequency.
3. The phase sequence of the incoming
PL = 3 Vbus IL cos Ø IL = IA + IB
L
alternator must be the same as that to the
bus bar.
4. At the instant of synchronizing , the PL = PA + PB
incoming alternator must be in phase
opposition to the bus-bar voltage
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
FORMULA

SAME EXCITATION: EXCITATION OF ALTERNATOR A INCREASED

PA
PA

QA SA
SA QA
PB FIGURE A FIGURE B PB

SB QB
SB QB

TABLE GEN A GEN B

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF EXCITATION EXCITATION INCREASED MAINTAIN
PF DECREASED INCREASED
Assumed that the excitation of
KVAR INCREASED DECREASED
Alternator A increased
KW SAME SAME
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
SAMPLE APPLICATION

2. Two identical 3-phase Alternator A & B, are in parallel and supply a 11, 000 V to a load of 1,700 kVA at 0.8
lagging power factor. Each Alternator supplies haft of the total load. The excitation of the second alternator B is
changed so that its armature current is 50-ampere lagging. Calculate the armature current and the power factor
of the first alternator A.

SOLUTION:

S RATED 1,700,000 VA For active power

IL = -------------- = -------------------- = 89.23-Ampere PL = SL (PFL) = (1,700) (0.8) = 1,360 kW
1.73 X VLL 1.73 x 11,000
When active power of two alternator will not change
PA = PB = PL / 2 = 680 kW
FOR PF = 0.8 LAGGING, cos Ø = 0.8
When the excitation current of 2nd alternator is change , its
respective power output remain the same only the individual
Since ØL = cos ⁻¹ 0.8 = 36.87ͦ power factor change.

IL = 89.23 - 36.87ͦ Ampere

PB 680 kW
PFL = -------------- = ------------------------- = 0.714 lagging
IL = 71.38 – j 53.54 Ampere
1.73 X VLL IB 1.73 x 11,000 x 50
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
SAMPLE APPLICATION

2. Two identical 3-phase Alternator A & B, are in parallel and supply a 11, 000 V to a load of 1,700 kVA at 0.8
lagging power factor. Each Alternator supplies haft of the total load. The excitation of the second alternator B is
changed so that its armature current is 50-ampere lagging. Calculate the armature current and the power factor
of the first alternator A.

Continuation:

pfB = 0.714 Lagging FOR PFA

ØL = cos ⁻¹ 0.714 = 44.45ͦ PFA = cos 27.45 = 0.887 lagging

IB = 50 -44.45 = 35.69 – j 35 Ampere

IA = IL - IB = (71.38 – j 53.54)- ( 35.69- j35) A

IA = 40.22 / -27.45 A
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
SAMPLE APPLICATION

3. Two 75 MVA 3-phase alternator are connected in parallel. The speed load characteristic of the first generator is
2% from no-load to full load while that of the second alternator is 3% from no-load to full load. The machines are
fully loaded when the load is 150 MVA. If the load is reduced to 80 MVA. Calculate the load carried by each
machines? Answer are S1 = 32.98 MVA and S2 = 47.02 MVA
 PARALLEL OPERATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
FORMULA

Synchronization of three Phase Alternators & Synchroscope

1) The terminal voltage of the incoming machine must be same as that of bus bar voltage. ... But instead of
saying that voltages must act in phase opposition, the phase ... In synchronizing three phase alternators, three
lamps are connected as ... The alternator B is to be connected to bus bar i.e. it is to be synchronized with ...