Chapter 1.

Introduction to C# Programming
Hoang Anh Viet
[email protected]

H Ni University of Technology

Objectives

This chapter gives a quick glimpse of what a simple C# application looks like, and it describes some basic differences between the C# programming environment and the native C++ environment.

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Roadmap
1.1.Differences between C# and C++
1.2. Example of a C# program 1.3. Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0 1.4. Overview of Whats new in C# 3.0

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Language

C#:

Is a completely an Object-Oriented Language Every program is class Every work is done through objects Remains some features of procedural language

C++:
Example: free functions

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Compiling

C#:

C# source code compiles into managed code, an intermediate language(IL) At runtime, the Common Language Runtime (CLR) compiles the code by using Just In Time(JIT) compiling The JIT compiler compiles a function or method only the first time and it produces machine code native to the platform on which its running Pros:

The working set of the application is reduced( the memory footprint of intermediate code is smaller The CLR can optimize the programs execution on the fly at run time

C++:

C++ code compiles into native code( the machine code thats native to the processor)

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Garbage Collection

C#:

One of the key facilities in the CLR is the garbage collector GC automatically handles memory allocation and deallocation

C++:

Not support Programmers have to handle memory explicitly

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Programming
Generally, C# language is similar to C++ because it is developed from C++ and Java. However, its added many new features allowing programmers to program easier and friendlier.
Example:

Statement: foreach Properties: set and get method

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Roadmap
1.1.Differences between C# and C++
1.2. Example of a C# program 1.3. Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0 1.4. Overview of Whats new in C# 3.0

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1.2 Example of a C# Program

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2. 3. 4. class Welcome 5. { 6. static void Main( string[] args ) Call a method like 7. { C++ 8. Console.WriteLine( "Welcome to C# Programming!" ); 9. } 10. }
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Each // Welcome.cs application // A first console program in C#. have must using System; exactly one

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Roadmap
1.1.Differences between C# and C++
1.2. Example of a C# program 1.3. Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0 1.4. Overview of Whats new in C# 3.0

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1.3. Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0

Generics
Iterators Partial types Anonymous method

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Generics

Generics? Similar Templates in C++ Type checking, no boxing, no downcasts Increased sharing (typed collections)

How are C# generics implemented? Instantiated at run-time, not compile-time Checked at declaration, not instantiation Work for both reference and value types Exact run-time type information

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Generics (2)

List<T> Dictionary<K,V> SortedDictionary<K,V> Stack<T> Queue<T> IList<T> IDictionary<K,V> ICollection<T> IEnumerable<T> IEnumerator<T> IComparable<T> IComparer<T> Collection<T> KeyedCollection<T> ReadOnlyCollection<T> Nullable<T> EventHandler<T> Comparer<T>

Collection classes Collection interfaces Collection base classes Utility classes

Reflection

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Iterators

C# provides interfaces IEnumerable<T> that abstract the ability to enumerate a collection C# 2.0 introduces iterators, easing task of implementing IEnumerable e.g.
static IEnumerable<int> UpAndDown(int bottom, int top) { for (int i = bottom; i < top; i++) { yield return i; } for (int j = top; j >= bottom; j--) { yield return j; } }

We can use the foreach construct:

New keyword yield

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Partial Types

New keyword partial Separate the definition of a class, a struct, an interface over two or more source files
//first file (MyClass_1.cs) public partial class MyClass { private int nCount; . . . . . } //second file (MyClass_2.cs) public partial class MyClass { private bool isPresent . . . . . }

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Anonymous methods

Delegates are clumsy: programmer has to name the function and closure-convert by hand So C# 2.0 introduced anonymous methods No name Compiler does closure-conversion, creating a class and object that captures the environment e.g.
bool b = xs.Exists(delegate(int x) { return x>y; });

Local y is free in body of anonymous method

Other New Features

Static classes Property accessibility control External aliases Namespace alias qualifiers Inline warning control Fixed size buffers

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Roadmap
1.1.Differences between C# and C++
1.2. Example of a C# program 1.3. Overview of Features Added in C# 2.0 1.4. Overview of Whats new in C# 3.0

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1.4. Overview of Whats new in C# 3.0

Implicitly Typed Local Variables Object and Collection Initializers Extension Methods Partial Methods Anonymous Types Query Keywords Lambda Expressions

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Implicitly Typed Local Variables

Use the new var keyword to implicitly declare a variable Useful in cases where you do not know the exact type of data and you need the compiler to determine for you Examples
var i = 5; var s = "Hello";

Are equivalent to:

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Object and Collection Initializers

Enables you to combine declaration and initialization one object in one step
Ex: class A
public class A { public int x ; public string y; }

Then could declare and initialize an A object:

Collection Initializer is similar

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Extension Methods

Enable you to extend various types with additional static methods Can be declared only in static classes and are identified by the keyword "this This allows you to take advantage of the extensible nature of various built-in or defined types and add newer methods to them

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Anonymous Types

Create an instance of a class without having to write code for the class beforehand
Example:
var A = new {x=9,y=hello}

A has two properties: x=9 and y=hello

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Lambda Expressions

A lambda expression is an anonymous function that can contain expressions and statements, and can be used to create delegates or expression tree types. Implicitly or explicitly typed parameters

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Lambda Expressions(2)

Examples:
x => x + 1 // Implicitly typed, expression body x => { return x + 1; } // Implicitly typed, statement body (int x) => x + 1 // Explicitly typed, expression body (int x) => { return x + 1; } // Explicitly typed, statement body (x, y) => x * y // Multiple parameters () => Console.WriteLine() // No parameters

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Query Expressions

Language-Integrated Query (LINQ) A part of C# 3.0 language Allows you to write SQL-like syntax in C#

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Query Keywords
Clause from Description Specifies a data source and a range variable (similar to an iteration variable)

where

Filters source elements based on one or more Boolean expressions separated by logical AND and OR operators ( && or || )
Specifies the type and shape that the elements in the returned sequence will have when the query is executed Groups query results according to a specified key value
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select

group

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Query Keywords(2)
Clause
into orderby

Description
Provides an identifier that can serve as a reference to the results of a join, group or select clause Sorts query results in ascending or descending order based on the default comparer for the element type

join

Joins two data sources based on an equality comparison between two specified matching criteria Introduces a range variable to store subexpression results in a query expression
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let

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Expression Trees

New type: System.Expressions.Expression<T> Simply an in-memory representation of a lambda expression Allows expressions to be treated as data at runtime Can modify and inspect lambda expressions at runtime Example:
Expression<DemoDelegate> filter = () => Console.WriteLine("Hello!!");

You easily can inspect the contents of the tree by using various properties on the filter variable
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Partial Method Definitions

Partial types may now contain partial methods Partial methods must adhere to the following rules:

They must begin with the partial keyword and the method must return void. They can have ref parameters but not out parameters. They are implicitly private and, therefore, cannot be virtual. They cannot be extern, because the presence of the body determines whether they are defining or implementing. They can have static and unsafe modifiers. They can be generic; constraints are put on the defining partial method declaration, and may optionally be repeated on the implementing declaration. Parameter and type parameter names do not have to be the same in the implementing declaration as in the defining declaration. They cannot make a delegate to a partial method.
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Summary

Differences Between C# and C++

Sytax, Framework, Generics, Iterators, Partial types, Anonymous method And much more Implicitly Typed Local Variables, Object and Collection Initializers, Extension Methods, Anonymous Types, Lambda Expressions, Query Keywords, Expression Trees, Partial Method Definitions ,

C# 2.0 Enhancements

New in C# 3.0

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