THE OSI MODEL

What is the OSI model?

What are the layers of the OSI model?

Fundamentals of Networking – NET 101 1

What is the OSI model?
 Previously, networks use
different hardware and software
implementations, which result in:
 design complexity within networks
 incompatibilities among different
networks.

 A reference model is needed to

provide interoperability between
computers over a network.

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What is the OSI model?
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is an
approved international standard for communication systems.
 The model was introduced by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) to aid network interconnection.

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Tasks within the OSI model are broken down into
7 Application layers. A layered model gives the advantage of:
User Support

6 Presentation
- reduced complexity
- interoperability between networks
5 Session - facilitation of modular engineering
4 Transport

3 Network
Network Support

2 Link

1 Physical

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Application Layer
7 Application - Facilitates the user in using services of the
User Support

6 Presentation
network
- It receives information directly from users and
5 Session displays incoming data it to the user
4 Transport

3 Network
Network Support

2 Link

1 Physical

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Application Layer
 Clicking on a link on an internet browser is akin to a customer dialing
on their phone to order a pizza.

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Presentation Layer
7 Application - Responsible for converting data into standard
User Support

6 Presentation
format
- The presentation layer translates the
5 Session commands received from the application layer
4 Transport into universal, well-known networking
formats. Think of the presentation layer as a
3 Network
more effective version of Google Translate but
Network Support

2 Link for networks. This is the layer where data

1 Physical
encryption and character set conversion occur.

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Presentation Layer
 In order for our pizza customer to place an order, she needs to speak a
common language with the person taking her order.

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Session Layer
7 Application - Establishes dialog between two systems
User Support

6
- In order for a packet to reach its destination,
Presentation
the session layer establishes a “mechanism for
5 Session opening, closing and managing a session
4 Transport between end-user application processes and
responses”. The session layer makes it possible
3 Network
to establish an open communication line to
Network Support

2 Link send the requested packets.

1 Physical

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Session Layer
 This layer can be compared to making a phone call and having the
other person pick up the phone. Without another party on the line, no
food-related or network-related conversation would occur.

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Transport Layer
7 Application - Regulates information flow to achieve reliable
User Support

6 Presentation
connectivity between host application

5 Session User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

4 Transport

3 Network computer
REQUEST
server
Network Support

RESPONSE
2 Link
RESPONSE
1 Physical
RESPONSE

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Transport Layer
7 Application - Regulates information flow to achieve reliable
User Support

6 Presentation
connectivity between host application

5 Session Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

4 Transport

3 Network computer server

Network Support

SYN
2 Link
SYN ACK

1 Physical ACK

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Transport Layer
 You can think of the transport layer as quality control. Suspicious
packets will not make it past a firewall. Similarly, suspicious looking
pizzas will not go out for delivery.

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Network Layer
7 Application - Acts as a network controller
User Support

6
- Decides which routes should be taken by data
Presentation
- Converts frames into packets
5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network
Network Support

2 Link

1 Physical

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Network Layer
 In the same way that the network layer determines the best way to
route information, our pizza deliver person will rely on a GPS to map
out a customer’s location.

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Link Layer
7 Application - Packages raw bits from the Physical Layer into
User Support

6 Presentation
frames; provides reliable transmission of bits
through flow control, and error control and
5 Session detection.
4 Transport - The Data Link Layer ensures that a
transmission occurs without any errors. The
3 Network
Data Link Layer consists of two sub-layers,
Network Support

2 Link Logical Link Control (LLC) and the Media

1 Physical
Access Control (MAC), that ensure a
successful transmission across different
mediums.

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Link/ Data Link Layer
 One of the major functions of the data link layer is to provide a
physical MAC address so that requested information can find its
destination. Without a physical address, our pizza delivery man would
not be able to complete his delivery.

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 # Layer Physical Layer
7 Application - Deals with the physical characteristics of the
User Support

6 Presentation
transmission medium; transmits bits from one
computer to another
5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network
Network Support

2 Link

1 Physical

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
Physical Layer
- Deals with the physical characteristics of the transmission medium; transmits bits
from one computer to another
- Modes of Transmission:
Simplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex

A B A B A B
- Simplest transmission mode - Data can move in two - Data can move in two
- There is one dedicated sender directions, but not at the same directions, at the same time
and one dedicated receiver time

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Physical Layer
 The physical layer comprises of the physical hardware components in
a network. In this final step, our now starving customer will receive
her delivery.

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What are the layers of the OSI model?
# Layer Data Type
7 Application Data

User Support
6 Presentation Data

5 Session Data

4 Transport Segments

3 Network Packets
Network Support

2 Link Frames

1 Physical Bits

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How to memorize the OSI Layer?
 1 – Please
 2 – Do
 3 – Not
 4 – Throw
 5 – Sausage
 6 – Pizza
 7 – Away

 PLNTSPA

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