Q3 Module 3

Polar or Nonpolar
Prepared by:
Engr. ERWIN D. RUBIO JR
  We can learn more about the chemistry of compounds by
understanding how electrons are shared in bonds.

Atoms and  Bonds formed by identical atoms share the bonding electrons

Electronegativit equally.
 Bonds formed between different atoms share the bonding
y electrons unequally.
 Electronegativity
 is the relative ability of atoms to
attract shared electrons
Atoms and  is higher for nonmetals; fluorine
Electronegativit has the highest with a value of 4.0
y  is lower for metals; cesium and
francium have the lowest value of
0.7
 We can use the periodic table to
predict the relative electronegativity
value for each element.
Electronegativity
Atoms and increases from left to right going
Electronegativit across a period on the periodic
y table
decreases going down a group on
the
periodic table
  Electronegativity Difference and Bond Type

Electronegativity Difference Type of Bond Example

Na and Cl
/0.9 - 3.0/ = 2.1
≥ 2.0 Ionic

Atoms and H and Cl

Electronegativity 0.5-1.9 Polar Covalent
/2.1 - 3.0/ = 0.9

Nonpolar Cl and Cl
Covalent /3.0 - 3.0/ = 0.0
≤ 0.4
  Bonds can be described by the difference in the
electronegativity of the bonding atoms.
 Two types of covalent bonds occur in
molecules:
Types of  nonpolar covalent bonds; bonding electrons are
Covalent Bonds shared equally
 polar covalent bonds; bonding electrons are
shared unequally
  A nonpolar covalent bond between
nonmetal atoms
 consists of an equal (or almost equal)
sharing of electrons
Nonpolar  has a zero (or close to zero)
Covalent Bonds electronegativity difference (0.0 to 0.4)
  A polar covalent bond between nonmetal atoms
 consists of an unequal sharing of electrons
 has an electronegativity difference of 0.5 to 1.7
Polar Covalent
Bonds
 Polar and
Nonpolar
Covalent Bonds

In the nonpolar covalent bond of H2, electrons are shared

equally. In the polar covalent bond of HCl, electrons are shared
unequally.
  The Lewis electron dot diagram and the concept of chemical
bonding introduced in your junior high school science are useful in
determining the geometry or overall shape of a given molecule
together with the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
theory. The VSEPR theory is a guide for us to predict the
arrangement of atoms in a polyatomic molecule. In determining the
geometry of a molecule, we need to identify the central atom first.
Valence Shell Usually, the least numerous element, the least electronegative

Electron Pair element, or the element which can form the most bonds is the central
atom. Hydrogen can never be the central atom (except in H2) as it
Repulsion can only form one bond.

(VSEPR) theory In the water (H2O) molecule, the central atom is oxygen since it is the
least numerous element and can form more bonds than hydrogen.
 1. Create the appropriate Lewis dot structure of the molecule.
 Arrangement
No. of bonded No. of Lone Molecular
of electron Examples
pairs pairs Geometry
pairs

2 0 Linear CO2

2 1 Bent SO2

3 0 Trigonal Planar BCl3

Valence Shell 4 0 Tetrahedral CH4

Electron Pair Trigonal

Repulsion
3 1 NH3
pyramidal

(VSEPR) theory 2 2 Angular / Bent H2O

Trigonal
5 0 PCL5
bipyramidal

6 0 Octahedral SF6
 Molecule Lewis Dot Structure Molecular Geometry Polarity

H2O Angular polar

Polar
NH3 Trigonal pyramidal polar

molecules:
NO Linear polar
 Molecule Lewis Dot Structure Molecular Geometry Polarity
CO2
Linear nonpolar

Nonpolar CH4 Tetrahedral nonpolar

molecules:
CCl4 Tetrahedral nonpolar
  Bonds become more polar as the difference in
electronegativity increases.
 A polar covalent bond that has a separation of
charges is called a dipole.
 The positive and negative ends are represented
Dipoles and by the Greek letter delta, with a + or − charge.
Bond Polarity  Arrows can also be used to represent dipoles.
Predicting Bond
Type
 Complete the following table for each of the bonds indicated.

Learning Check
 Complete the following table for each of the bonds indicated.

Learning Check
 In a nonpolar molecule, all the bonds are
nonpolar, or the polar bonds (dipoles) cancel
each other out.
Molecules such as H2, Cl2 and CH4 are nonpolar
because they contain only nonpolar bonds.

Polarity of
Molecules—
Nonpolar
  A nonpolar molecule also occurs when polar bonds
(dipoles) cancel each other because of a symmetrical
arrangement.
 Molecules such as CO2 and CCl4 contain polar bonds
with dipoles that cancel each other out.

Polarity of
Molecules—
Nonpolar
  A polar molecule occurs when the dipoles from
individual bonds do not cancel each other out.
Polarity of
 For molecules with two or more electron groups,
Molecules—
the shape (such as bent or trigonal pyrimidal)
Polar determines whether or not the dipoles cancel.
 Examples of polar molecules include HCl, H2O, and NH3.
HCl is linear and contains a polar bond.

Polarity of
Molecules— H2O is bent and contains two polar bonds as well as two lone
Polar pairs on oxygen.
  NH3 is trigonal pyrimidal, and contains three polar
bonds and a lone pair on nitrogen.

Polarity of
Molecules—
Polar
 Guide to
Determination of
Polarity of a
Molecule
  Determine if the molecule OF2 is polar or nonpolar.
Solution

Determine if the molecule OF2 is polar or nonpolar.

Step 1 Determine if the bonds are polar or nonpolar
covalent.
Oxygen has an electronegativity of 3.5, and
fluorine has an electronegativity of 4.0. O—F
bonds are polar covalent.

Determine if the molecule OF2 is polar or nonpolar.

Learning Check Step 2 If the bonds are polar covalent, draw the electron-
dot formula and determine if the dipoles
cancel.
Dipoles in O—F bonds do not cancel;
the molecule is polar.