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2 - Spatial Data Types - Raster - Vector

The document discusses two approaches to handling spatial data with GIS: the raster data model and the vector data model. The raster model uses a grid of cells to represent information, with each cell holding a value. The vector model represents points, lines, and polygons precisely using coordinates. The document provides examples of how a water official may use raster models for tasks like flood hazard mapping and vector models to precisely map utilities. It also discusses advantages and limitations of each approach.

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Graham Zvirewo
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69 views

2 - Spatial Data Types - Raster - Vector

The document discusses two approaches to handling spatial data with GIS: the raster data model and the vector data model. The raster model uses a grid of cells to represent information, with each cell holding a value. The vector model represents points, lines, and polygons precisely using coordinates. The document provides examples of how a water official may use raster models for tasks like flood hazard mapping and vector models to precisely map utilities. It also discusses advantages and limitations of each approach.

Uploaded by

Graham Zvirewo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Handling spatial data with

GIS

By

GUMINDOGA W

NOV 2014
COURSE SUMMARY

❑ Vector model

❑ Raster model

❑ How a water official makes use of vector and


raster models
Two approaches to handling spatial data with GIS:

🠶 Raster model
🠶 Vector model
🠶 Points,
🠶 lines,
🠶 polygons
A raster data model uses a grid.

🠶One grid cell is one unit or holds one


attribute.
🠶Every cell has a value, even if it is
“missing.”
🠶A cell can hold a number or an index
value standing for an attribute.
🠶A cell has a resolution, given as the cell
size in ground units.
🠶Raster Data Model
🠶Rows and Columns of Cells (Array)
🠶Area of Cell equals Spatial Resolution
🠶Value for each cell records type of object or condition
🠶Cells do not correspond to spatial entities in real
world
🠶 A road is a group of cells, not a single entity
🠶Cells are considered Homogeneous Units
Generic structure for a grid

Grid extent

Grid
cell
Rows

Resolution
Columns
Figure 3.1 Generic structure for a grid.
Sources of Raster Data

🠶Satellite data
🠶LANDSAT
🠶SPOT
🠶Sentinel
🠶Scanned aerial photography
🠶Digital Orthophotography
🠶Scanned maps and documents
Why use Raster?

🠶 Overlay Analysis/Overlay Operations


🠶 Arithmetic Operations
🠶Addition
🠶Subtraction
🠶Division
🠶Multiplication
🠶 Logical (Boolean) Operations
🠶Where conditions occur or do not occur
together
🠶AND, OR, NOT, >, <, etc.
Why use Raster?
Raster Applications

🠶Utility Corridor Siting


🠶Environmental Mapping
🠶Resource Coverage Mapping
🠶Pollution Mapping
🠶Spatial data variability decisions
🠶Forest inventory
🠶Flood hazard mapping
More Raster Applications

🠶Wetlands Vegetation Inventory & Analysis


🠶Agricultural analysis
🠶Planetary analysis (including lunar)
🠶Vector Updating
🠶Digital Terrain Modeling
🠶Flood Control & Emergency Preparedness
🠶Communication System Engineering
Raster Limitations

🠶Aesthetics
🠶Data storage requirements
🠶Overlay operations performed on every cell
🠶Sparse data sets require as much processing as
dense ones
RASTER -- summary
🠶 Grids or raster maps are poor at representing points, lines and
areas, but good at surfaces.
🠶 Grids are good only at very localized topology, and weak
otherwise.
🠶 Grids are a natural for scanned or remotely sensed data.
🠶 Grids suffer from the mixed pixel problem.
🠶 Grids must often include redundant or missing data.
🠶 Grid compression techniques used in GIS are run-length
encoding and quad trees.
Vector GIS Data Model

🠶 Precisely position features in space


🠶Points, Nodes, vertex, single X,Y coordinate pair
🠶Lines, Arcs, series of X,Y coordinate pairs
🠶Area, Polygons, area as a closed loop of X,Y
coordinate pairs
Areas are lines are points are coordinates
The Vector Model
🠶 A vector data model uses points stored by their real (earth) coordinates
and so requires a precise coordinate system.
🠶Geographic Coordinate System
🠶Latitude/Longitude
🠶Cartesian Coordinate Systems
🠶X,Y Coordinate system
🠶State Plane
🠶UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator)
🠶 Lines and areas are built from sequences of points in order.
🠶 Lines have a direction to the ordering of the points.
🠶 Polygons can be built from points or lines.
🠶 Vectors can store information about topology.
Vectors

🠶TIN must be used to represent volumes.


🠶Vector can represent point, line, and area features
very accurately.
🠶Vectors work well with pen and light-plotting
devices and tablet digitizers.
🠶Vectors are not good at continuous coverages or
plotters that fill areas.
Sources of Vector Data

🠶RASTER-VECTOR conversions from


scanned images
🠶Pre-existing digital data from disks or
internet
🠶DIGITIZING
🠶END
Extra notes

🠶 Raster - A format for storing, processing, and displaying graphic data


in which graphic images are stored as values for uniform grid cells
or pixels.

🠶 Pixels - Abbreviation for picture element, the smallest indivisible


element that makes up an image. In raster processing, data is
represented spatially on a matrix of grid cells, called pixels, which
are assigned values for image characteristics or attributes.
Extra notes

🠶 Resolution - A measure of the accuracy or detail of a graphic


display, expressed as dots per inch, pixels per line, lines per
millimeter, etc.

🠶 Spatial Resolution - The accuracy associated with the capture of


ground information as reproduced in a digital format or graphic
display. For example, 10-foot pixels vs. 100-foot pixels.

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